2024 |
Paul N, Maiti K, Sultana Z, Fisher JJ, Zhang H, Cole N, et al., 'Human placenta releases extracellular vesicles carrying corticotrophin releasing hormone mRNA into the maternal blood', Placenta, 146 71-78 (2024) [C1]
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2024 |
Barrett ES, Sullivan A, Workman T, Zhang Y, Loftus CT, Szpiro AA, et al., 'Sex-specific associations between placental corticotropin releasing hormone and problem behaviors in childhood.', Psychoneuroendocrinology, 163 106994 (2024)
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2024 |
Sharma BB, Pennell C, Sharma B, Smith R, 'Reducing maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries: the Nepalese approach of helicopter retrieval.', American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, S0002-9378(24)00067-X (2024)
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2024 |
Paul M, Barreda AP, Gregson A, Kahl R, King M, Hussein WM, et al., 'Regulation of 20a-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Expression in Term Pregnant Human Myometrium Ex Vivo.', Reprod Sci, 31 150-161 (2024) [C1]
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2023 |
Paul N, Sultana Z, Fisher JJ, Maiti K, Smith R, 'Extracellular vesicles- crucial players in human pregnancy.', Placenta, 140 30-38 (2023) [C1]
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2023 |
Grace T, Fisher J, Wang C, Valkenborghs SR, Smith R, Hirst JJ, et al., 'Newcastle 1000 (NEW1000) Study: an Australian population-based prospective pregnancy cohort study design and protocol', BMJ OPEN, 13 (2023)
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2023 |
Sultana Z, Qiao Y, Maiti K, Smith R, 'Involvement of oxidative stress in placental dysfunction, the pathophysiology of fetal death and pregnancy disorders.', Reproduction, 166 R25-R38 (2023) [C1]
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2023 |
Hossain MR, Tolosa JM, Young RC, Smith R, Paul JW, 'Assessing the Potency of the Novel Tocolytics 2-APB, Glycyl-H-1152, and HC-067047 in Pregnant Human Myometrium.', Reprod Sci, 30 203-220 (2023) [C1]
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2023 |
Paul M, Zakar T, Phung J, Gregson A, Barreda AP, Butler TA, et al., '20a-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Expression in the Human Myometrium at Term and Preterm Birth: Relationships to Fetal Sex and Maternal Body Mass Index.', Reprod Sci, 30 2512-2523 (2023) [C1]
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2023 |
Phung J, Wang C, Reeders J, Zakar T, Paul JW, Tyagi S, et al., 'Preterm labor with and without chorioamnionitis is associated with activation of myometrial inflammatory networks: a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 228 (2023) [C1]
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2023 |
Foteva V, Fisher JJ, Qiao Y, Smith R, 'Does the Micronutrient Molybdenum Have a Role in Gestational Complications and Placental Health?', Nutrients, 15 3348-3348 [C1]
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2022 |
Kobia FM, Maiti K, Obimbo MM, Smith R, Gitaka J, 'Potential pharmacologic interventions targeting TLR signaling in placental malaria', Trends in Parasitology, 38 513-524 (2022) [C1]
Complications from placental malaria cause poor pregnancy outcomes, including low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirths. Many of these complications are driven by materna... [more]
Complications from placental malaria cause poor pregnancy outcomes, including low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirths. Many of these complications are driven by maternal innate proinflammatory responses to the sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum in the placenta. However, recent studies show that, in reaction to maternal innate immune responses that are detrimental to the fetus, the fetus mounts innate immune counter-responses that ameliorate pregnancy outcomes. Such fetal¿maternal conflict in placental malaria has potential for pharmacologic modulation for better pregnancy outcomes. Here, we discuss placental malaria pathogenesis, its complications, and the role of innate immunity and fetal¿maternal innate immune conflict in placental malaria. Finally, we discuss pharmacologic immunomodulatory strategies and agents with the potential to improve placental malaria outcomes.
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2022 |
Barrett ES, Corsetti M, Day D, Thurston SW, Loftus CT, Karr CJ, et al., 'Prenatal phthalate exposure in relation to placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) in the CANDLE cohort.', Environ Int, 160 107078 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Dudley JS, Paul JW, Teh V, Mackenzie TE, Butler TA, Tolosa JM, et al., 'Seahorse brood pouch morphology and control of male parturition in Hippocampus abdominalis', Placenta, 127 88-94 (2022) [C1]
Introduction: Syngnathids (seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons) are among the few vertebrates that display male pregnancy. During seahorse pregnancy, males incubate developing em... [more]
Introduction: Syngnathids (seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons) are among the few vertebrates that display male pregnancy. During seahorse pregnancy, males incubate developing embryos embedded in a placenta within a fleshy brood pouch, before expelling fully developed neonates at parturition. The mechanisms underpinning seahorse parturition are poorly understood. Methods: We examined the morphology of the brood pouch using microcomputed tomography and histological techniques, in combination with physiological assays, to examine how male pot-bellied seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) control labour. In female-pregnant vertebrates, nonapeptide hormones (such as vasopressin- and oxytocin-like hormones) produce contractions of gestational smooth muscle to produce labour. Results: Histological analysis of the seahorse brood pouch reveals only scattered small smooth muscle bundles in the brood pouch, and in-vitro application of isotocin (a teleost nonapeptide hormone) to the brood pouch do not produce measurable muscle contractions. Micro-computed tomography shows differences in size and orientation of the anal fin assembly between male and female pot-bellied seahorses, and histological analysis reveals large skeletal muscle bundles attached to the anal fin bones at the male brood pouch opening. Discussion: We conclude that seahorse parturition may be facilitated by contraction of these muscles, which, in combination with body movements, serves to gape open the pouch and expel the neonates. Future biomechanical studies are needed to test this hypothesis.
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2022 |
Beyene T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Severe Maternal Outcomes and Quality of Maternal Health Care in South Ethiopia', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH, 14 119-130 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Phung J, Wang CA, Reeders J, Chan EC, Riveros C, Zakar T, et al., 'Preterm labor is a distinct process from term labor following computational analysis of human myometrium', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 226 106.e1-106.e16 (2022) [C1]
Background: The onset of the term human parturition involves myometrial gene expression changes to transform the uterus from a quiescent to a contractile phenotype. It is uncertai... [more]
Background: The onset of the term human parturition involves myometrial gene expression changes to transform the uterus from a quiescent to a contractile phenotype. It is uncertain whether the same changes occur in the uterus during preterm labor. Objective: This study aimed to compare the myometrial gene expression between term and preterm labor and to determine whether the presence of acute clinical chorioamnionitis or twin gestation affects these signatures. Study Design: Myometrial specimens were collected during cesarean delivery from the following 7 different groups of patients: term not in labor (n=31), term labor (n=13), preterm not in labor (n=21), preterm labor with acute clinical chorioamnionitis (n=6), preterm labor with no acute clinical chorioamnionitis (n=9), twin preterm not in labor (n=8), and twin preterm labor with no acute clinical chorioamnionitis (n=5). RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and quantitative polymerase chain reactions were performed on 44 candidate genes (with evidence for differential expression in human term labor) using the Fluidigm platform. Computational analysis was performed using 2-class unpaired Wilcoxon tests and principal component analysis. Results: Computational analysis revealed that gene expression in the preterm myometrium, irrespective of whether in labor or not in labor, clustered tightly and is clearly different from the term labor and term not-in-labor groups. This was true for both singleton and twin pregnancies. Principal component analysis showed that 57% of the variation was explained by 3 principal components. These 44 genes interact in themes of prostaglandin activity and inflammatory signaling known to be important during term labor, but are not a full representation of the myometrium transcriptional activity. Conclusion: The myometrial contractions associated with preterm labor are associated with a pattern of gene expression that is distinct from term labor. Therefore, preterm labor may be initiated by a different myometrial process or processes outside the myometrium.
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2022 |
Fealy S, Hollis J, Martin J, Leigh L, Oldmeadow C, Collins CE, et al., 'Modeling the Predictive Value of Evidence-Based Referral Criteria to Support Healthy Gestational Weight Gain among an Australian Pregnancy Cohort', Nutrients, 14 (2022) [C1]
Globally, there has been a renewed focus on addressing gestational weight gain (GWG). In Australia, the Department of Health pregnancy care guidelines recommend women be offered r... [more]
Globally, there has been a renewed focus on addressing gestational weight gain (GWG). In Australia, the Department of Health pregnancy care guidelines recommend women be offered routine weighing and receive brief nutritional and physical activity support during antenatal care visits. Women gaining weight outside the Institute of Medicine (IOM)¿s weight gain reference values are further recommended to be referred to a dietitian. However, professional and organizational barriers, including an absence of weight gain referral pathways and limited workforce resources, exist with the translation and scaling of these recommendations into practice. This study aimed to explore patterns of GWG among a cohort of Australian pregnant women and to determine if pregnancy weight gains of above or below 2 kg or 5 kg in the second and third trimester can be used to predict total GWG outside recommendations. Sensitivity, specificity, negative, and positive likelihood ratios were calculated. The most predictive time point was 24 weeks¿ gestation using the minimum weight change parameter of +/-2 kg, demonstrating reasonable sensitivity (0.81, 95% CI 0.61¿0.83) and specificity (0.72, 95% CI 0.61¿0.83), resulting in 55% (n = 72/131) of the cohort qualifying for dietetic referral. Given the current health service constraints, a review of dietetic services within maternity care is warranted.
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2022 |
Herrera CL, Maiti K, Smith R, 'Preterm Birth and Corticotrophin-Releasing Hormone as a Placental Clock', ENDOCRINOLOGY, 164 (2022) [C1]
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Nova |
2022 |
Martin WN, Wang CA, Lye SJ, Reynolds RM, Matthews SG, McLaughlin CE, et al., 'Defining the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the relationship between fetal growth and adult cardiometabolic outcomes', JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE, 13 683-694 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Barrett ES, Workman T, Hazlehurst MF, Kauderer S, Loftus C, Kannan K, et al., 'Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in relation to placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH) in the CANDLE pregnancy cohort', Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13 (2022) [C1]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting combustion by-products that have been linked to preterm birth. One possible mechanism is through disrup... [more]
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting combustion by-products that have been linked to preterm birth. One possible mechanism is through disruption of placental corticotropin releasing hormone (pCRH), a key hormone implicated in parturition. As an extension of recent research identifying pCRH as a potential target of endocrine disruption, we examined maternal PAH exposure in relation to pCRH in a large, diverse sample. Participants, drawn from the CANDLE cohort, part of the ECHO-PATHWAYS Consortium, completed study visits at 16-29 weeks (V1) and 22-39 weeks (V2) gestation (n=812). Seven urinary mono-hydroxylated PAH metabolites (OH-PAHs) were measured at V1 and serum pCRH at V1 and V2. Associations between individual log-transformed OH-PAHs (as well as two summed PAH measures) and log(pCRH) concentrations across visits were estimated using mixed effects models. Minimally-adjusted models included gestational age and urinary specific gravity, while fully-adjusted models also included sociodemographic characteristics. We additionally evaluated effect modification by pregnancy complications, fetal sex, and maternal childhood trauma history. We observed associations between 2-OH-Phenanthrene (2-OH-PHEN) and rate of pCRH change that persisted in fully adjusted models (ß=0.0009, 0.00006, 0.0017), however, positive associations with other metabolites (most notably 3-OH-Phenanthrene and 1-Hydroxypyrene) were attenuated after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics. Associations tended to be stronger at V1 compared to V2 and we observed no evidence of effect modification by pregnancy complications, fetal sex, or maternal childhood trauma history. In conclusion, we observed modest evidence of association between OH-PAHs, most notably 2-OH-PHEN, and pCRH in this sample. Additional research using serial measures of PAH exposure is warranted, as is investigation of alternative mechanisms that may link PAHs and timing of birth, such as inflammatory, epigenetic, or oxidative stress pathways.
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2022 |
Beyene T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'The utility of delivery ward register data for determining the causes of perinatal mortality in one specialized and one general hospital in south Ethiopia', BMC PEDIATRICS, 22 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Getachew T, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Spatial and hierarchical Bayesian analysis to identify factors associated with caesarean delivery use in Ethiopia: Evidence from national population and health facility data', PLoS ONE, 17 (2022) [C1]
Background Caesarean section has a significant role in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. A linked analysis of population and health facility data is valuable to map and id... [more]
Background Caesarean section has a significant role in reducing maternal and neonatal mortality. A linked analysis of population and health facility data is valuable to map and identify caesarean section use and associated factors. This study aimed to identify geographic variation and associated factors of caesarean delivery in Ethiopia. Method Linked data analysis of the 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) and the 2014 Ethiopian Service Provision Assessment Plus (ESPA+) survey was performed. Spatial analysis was conducted to identify geographic variations and factors associated with caesarean delivery. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis was also performed to identify factors associated with caesarean delivery using the SAS MCMC procedure. Results Women¿s age and education, household wealth, parity, antenatal care (ANC) visits, and distance to caesarean section facility were associated with caesarean delivery use. Women who had =4 ANC visits were 4.67 (95% Credible Interval (CrI): 2.17, 9.43) times more likely to have caesarean delivery compared to those who had no ANC visits. Women who had education and were from rich households were also 2.80 (95% CrI: 1.83, 4.19) and 1.80 (95% CrI: 1.08, 2.84) times more likely to have caesarean deliveries relative to women who had no education and were from poor households, respectively. A one-kilometer increase in distance to a caesarean section facility was associated with an 88% reduction in the odds of caesarean delivery (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.12, 95% CrI: 0.01, 0.78). Hotspots of high caesarean section rates were observed in Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa, and the Harari region. In addition, women¿s age at first childbirth and =4 ANC visits showed significant spatially varying relations between caesarean delivery use across Ethiopia. Conclusion Caesarean section is a lifesaving procedure, and it is essential to narrow disparities to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality and avoid unnecessary procedures.
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2022 |
Tyagi S, Chan E-C, Barker D, McElduff P, Taylor KA, Riveros C, et al., 'Transcriptomic analysis reveals myometrial topologically associated domains linked to the onset of human term labour.', Mol Hum Reprod, 28 (2022) [C1]
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2022 |
Smith R, Dedman L, Sultana Z, Banney D, Maiti K, 'Insights into fetal death-a patient resource', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 226 761-763 (2022)
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2021 |
Fealy S, Leigh L, Hazelton M, Attia J, Foureur M, Oldmeadow C, et al., 'Translation of the Weight-Related Behaviours Questionnaire into a Short-Form Psychosocial Assessment Tool for the Detection of Women at Risk of Excessive Gestational Weight Gain', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH, 18 (2021) [C1]
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2021 |
Fealy S, Attia J, Leigh L, Oldmeadow C, Hazelton M, Foureur M, et al., 'A Revalidation of the Weight Related Behaviours Questionnaire within an Australian Pregnancy Cohort', Midwifery, 97 (2021) [C1]
Problem: Studies investigating the direct and indirect relationships between psychosocial factors (i.e. attitudes, beliefs and values), health related behaviour (diet and physical... [more]
Problem: Studies investigating the direct and indirect relationships between psychosocial factors (i.e. attitudes, beliefs and values), health related behaviour (diet and physical activity) and gestational weight gain are increasing. To date heterogeneity of psychosocial measurement tools has limited research progress in this area, preventing measurement of effects by meta-analysis techniques. Aim: To conduct a revalidation analysis of a Weight Related Behaviours Questionnaire, originally developed by Kendall, Olson and Frangelico within the United States of America and assess its performance for use within the Australian context. Methods: A revalidation study using Exploratory Factor Analysis was undertaken to assess the factor structure and internal consistency of the six psychosocial scales of the Weight Related Behaviours Questionnaire, within the Woman and Their Children's Health (WATCH), pregnancy cohort. The questionnaire was self-completed between 18 ¿ 20 weeks gestation. Psychosocial factors included; Weight locus of control; Self-efficacy; Attitudes towards weight gain; Body image, Feelings about the motherhood role; and Career orientation. Findings: Weight locus of control, Self-efficacy and Body image, retained the same factor structure as the original analysis. The remaining psychosocial factors observed a different factor structure in terms of loadings or number of factors. Deleted items modelling suggests the questionnaire could be strengthened and shortened. Conclusion: Weight Locus of control, Self-efficacy and Body image were observed as consistent, valid and reliable psychosocial measures for use within the Australian context. Further research is needed to confirm the model and investigate the potential for combining these scales into a shorter psychosocial measurement tool.
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2021 |
Herrera CL, Bowman ME, McIntire DD, Nelson DB, Smith R, 'Revisiting the placental clock: Early corticotrophin-releasing hormone rise in recurrent preterm birth', PLoS ONE, 16 (2021) [C1]
Objective To determine if maternal plasma CRH and preterm birth history were associated with recurrent preterm birth risk in a high-risk cohort. Study design Secondary analysis of... [more]
Objective To determine if maternal plasma CRH and preterm birth history were associated with recurrent preterm birth risk in a high-risk cohort. Study design Secondary analysis of pregnant women with a prior preterm birth =35 weeks receiving 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth. All women with a 24-week blood sample were included. Maternal plasma CRH level at 24- and 32-weeks' gestation was measured using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and extracted radioimmunoassay (RIA) technologies. The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks. The association of CRH, prior preterm birth history, and the two combined was assessed in relation to recurrent preterm birth risk. Results Recurrent preterm birth in this cohort of 169 women was 24.9%. Comparing women who subsequently delivered <37 versus =37 weeks, mean levels of CRH measured by RIA were significantly different at 24 weeks (111.1±87.5 vs. 66.1±45.4 pg/mL, P = .002) and 32 weeks (440.9±275.6 vs. 280.2±214.5 pg/mL, P = .003). The area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) at 24 and 32 weeks for (1) CRH level was 0.68 (95% CI 0.59-0.78) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.59-0.81), (2) prior preterm birth history was 0.75 (95% CI 0.67-0.83) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.69-0.87), and (3) combined was 0.81 (95% CI 0.73-0.88, P = .001) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.72-0.90, P = .01) respectively for delivery <37 weeks. CRH measured by ELISA failed to correlate with gestational age or other clinical parameters. Conclusion In women with a prior preterm birth, CRH levels were higher and had an earlier rise in women who experienced recurrent preterm birth. Second trimester CRH may be useful in identifying a sub-group of women with preterm birth due to early activation of the placentafetal adrenal axis. Assay methodology is a variable that contributes to difficulties in reproducibility of CRH levels in the obstetric literature.
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2021 |
Taylor RM, Blumfield ML, Ashton LM, Hure AJ, Smith R, Buckley N, et al., 'Macronutrient Intake in Pregnancy and Child Cognitive and Behavioural Outcomes', CHILDREN-BASEL, 8 (2021) [C1]
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2021 |
Martin WN, Wang CA, Lye SJ, Matthews SG, Reynolds RM, McLaughlin CE, et al., 'A Life Course Approach to the Relationship Between Fetal Growth and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 106 2646-2659 (2021) [C1]
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2021 |
Ilicic M, Zakar T, Gregson A, Hussein WM, Smith R, Paul JW, 'Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Providing New Insights and Therapeutic Avenues for Unlocking Human Birth', REPRODUCTIVE SCIENCES, 29 3134-3146 (2021) [C1]
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2021 |
Coler BS, Shynlova O, Boros-Rausch A, Lye S, McCartney S, Leimert KB, et al., 'Landscape of Preterm Birth Therapeutics and a Path Forward', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE, 10 (2021) [C1]
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2020 |
Paul JW, Kemsley JO, Butler TA, Tolosa JM, Thompson MB, Smith R, Whittington CM, 'A comparison of uterine contractile responsiveness to arginine vasopressin in oviparous and viviparous lizards', Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 190 49-62 (2020) [C1]
Nonapeptides and their receptors regulate a diverse range of physiological processes. We assessed the contractile responsiveness of uteri from the squamate viviparous-oviparous sp... [more]
Nonapeptides and their receptors regulate a diverse range of physiological processes. We assessed the contractile responsiveness of uteri from the squamate viviparous-oviparous species pair, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii and Lampropholis guichenoti, as well as the bimodally reproductive species, Saiphos equalis, to arginine vasopressin (AVP). We assessed the resulting uterine contractility as a function of pregnancy status, species and parity mode. We also measured mRNA abundance for the nonapeptide receptor, oxytocin receptor (oxtr), in uteri from P. entrecasteauxii and L. guichenoti and compared expression across pregnancy status and parity mode. We found that pregnant uteri exhibited a significantly greater contractile response to AVP than non-pregnant uteri in all three lizard species studied. Cross-species comparisons revealed that uteri from viviparous P. entrecasteauxii were significantly more responsive to AVP than uteri from oviparous L. guichenoti during both pregnant and non-pregnant states. Conversely, for non-pregnant S. equalis, uteri from viviparous individuals were significantly less responsive to AVP than uteri from oviparous individuals, while during pregnancy, there was no difference in AVP contractile responsiveness. There was no difference in expression of oxtr between L. guichenoti and P. entrecasteauxii, or between pregnant and non-pregnant individuals within each species. We found no significant correlation between oxtr expression and AVP contractile responsiveness. These findings indicate that there are differences in nonapeptide signalling across parity mode and suggest that in these lizards, labour may be triggered either by an increase in plasma nonapeptide concentration, or by an increase in expression of a different nonapeptide receptor from the vasopressin-like receptor family.
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2020 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Getachew T, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Giving birth in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis to determine availability and factors associated with healthcare facility births', BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 127 1537-1546 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Qiao Y, Maiti K, Sultana Z, Fu L, Smith R, 'Inhibition of vertebrate aldehyde oxidase as a therapeutic treatment for cancer, obesity, aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis', European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 187 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Lumbers ER, Smith R, 'An evaluation of preterm kidney size and function over the first two years of life', Pediatric Nephrology, 35 1477-1482 (2020) [C1]
Background: We carried out a study to determine the impact of prematurity on kidney development in the first 2¿years of life. Methods: In this prospective study, extremely preterm... [more]
Background: We carried out a study to determine the impact of prematurity on kidney development in the first 2¿years of life. Methods: In this prospective study, extremely preterm neonates (gestation < 28¿weeks) were recruited and underwent assessments at 6, 12, and 24¿months of age. A cohort of neonates born term were also recruited and followed up for 24¿months. The primary outcomes measured in this study were total kidney volume (TKV) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR); albuminuria and blood pressure measurements (all provided as mean (standard deviation)) were the secondary outcomes. Results: Fifty-three premature and 31 term neonates (control) were recruited. At the age of 24¿months (corrected age), infants born preterm had significantly smaller TKV (56.1 (9.4) vs. 64.8 (10.2) mL; P = 0.006). There was no difference in eGFR. These preterm infants were smaller (11.25 (1.53) vs. 12.9 (1.8) kg; P = 0.002) and shorter (83.8 (3.0) vs. 86.3 (3.4) cm; P = 0.02) when compared with the control group. At 6, 12, and 18¿months respectively, preterm infants had, relative to their height, significantly smaller kidney volumes (0.54 (0.1) vs. 0.59 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.05; 0.61 (0.1) vs.0.71 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.003; and 0.67 (0.1) vs.0.76 (0.1) mL/cm, P = 0.006). Conclusions: Relative to body length, TKV in premature infants is smaller. Since length reflects adult body proportions more accurately than BSA, TKV to height ratio may be a more important measure in the child. Despite smaller TKV (and therefore fewer nephrons), infants born prematurely achieve similar eGFRs in the first 24¿months of life, probably due to single-nephron hyperfiltration.
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2020 |
Smith R, Paul JW, Tolosa JM, 'Sharpey-Schafer Lecture 2019: From retroviruses to human birth', Experimental Physiology, 105 555-561 (2020) [C1]
New Findings: What is the topic of this review? The timing of birth is an important determinant of future health and well-being. This review examines the role of endogenous retrov... [more]
New Findings: What is the topic of this review? The timing of birth is an important determinant of future health and well-being. This review examines the role of endogenous retroviruses as upstream regulators of key biological functions of the placenta, including cell-cell fusion, modulation of the maternal immune system, and the production of key pregnancy hormones. What advances does it highlight? Endogenous retroviruses are an obligate requirement for successful human reproduction. The products of retroviral elements, incorporated into the germline millions of years ago, have been co-opted to serve vital biological roles within the placenta that ultimately dictate the length of human pregnancy and therefore well-being trajectories. Abstract: Gestational length at the time of birth is an important determinant of future health and well-being, yet the physiological regulation of the onset of labour in humans remains obscure. The evolution of egg formation and internal fertilisation in amniotes required a mechanism to suppress the contractile activity of the oviduct that is provided by progesterone. Delivery of the egg is then associated with the withdrawal of progesterone and a return of contractile activity to the reproductive tract. In mammals, the process of pregnancy is complicated further by the need to protect the fetus from potential attack by the maternal immune system. There is increasing evidence that retroviruses incorporated into the mammalian germline in the evolutionary past play a key role in suppressing the maternal immune reaction to the developing conceptus, organising the development of the placenta and perhaps, in humans, modulating the action of progesterone, determining gestational length and the onset of labour. It seems that the presence of an endogenous retrovirus is an obligate requirement for human reproduction.
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2020 |
Tesfaye G, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Delaying factors for maternal health service utilization in eastern Ethiopia: A qualitative exploratory study', Women and Birth, 33 e216-e226 (2020) [C1]
Background: In Ethiopia, maternal health service utilization is still unacceptably low. The societal and cultural factors that constrain women from attending these services have n... [more]
Background: In Ethiopia, maternal health service utilization is still unacceptably low. The societal and cultural factors that constrain women from attending these services have not yet been sufficiently explored. Using qualitative methods, we aimed to explore the factors that delay maternal health service utilization in eastern Ethiopia. Method: A total of 13 audio-recorded focus group discussions were conducted comprising 88 participants. We conducted separate group discussions with reproductive aged women, mothers-in-law, traditional birth attendants, husbands, and Health Extension Workers to capture their knowledge, practices, feelings, thoughts and attitudes towards maternal health service utilization. The recorded sessions were transcribed into the local language and then translated into English for analysis. Result: The study identified a number of factors that may delay maternal health service utilization. Factors were grouped using the Three Delays model as a framework. Low level of awareness regarding need, poor involvement of husband, perceived absence of health problems, social power, community misperceptions and cultural restrictions, negative attitudes towards male midwives, acceptance of traditional birth attendants and poor social networking were Delay One factors. Lack of physical accessibility and high transportation costs were categorised as Delay Two factors for skilled birth care attendance. Perceived or experienced poor quality of care were categorised as Delay Three factors for both skilled birth and postnatal care utilization. Conclusion: Despite the ongoing government measures to improve maternal health service utilization in Ethiopia, numerous factors continue to contribute to delays in service use, which in turn contribute to high maternal mortality.
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2020 |
Fealy S, Attia J, Leigh L, Oldmeadow C, Hazelton M, Foureur M, et al., 'Demographic and social-cognitive factors associated with gestational weight gain in an Australian pregnancy cohort', Eating Behaviors, 39 (2020) [C1]
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Nova |
2020 |
Butler TA, Paul JW, Smith R, 'Non-conventional signalling in human myometrium by conventional pathways: looking back for a synergistic future', Current Opinion in Physiology, 13 145-154 (2020) [C1]
The mechanisms that bring about the onset of labor in humans remain poorly understood. Previous research has extensively explored signalling pathways that maintain myometrial rela... [more]
The mechanisms that bring about the onset of labor in humans remain poorly understood. Previous research has extensively explored signalling pathways that maintain myometrial relaxation and identified roles for key molecules, including cyclic nucleotides, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide and progesterone. However, these conventional pro-relaxation signalling pathways have fallen out of favor to inflammatory signalling, which is now widely regarded as an instigator of myometrial transformation toward a contractile phenotype and initiator of labor. This article revisits the complex inter-play of conventional pro-relaxation signalling, and explores the concept that progesterone, cAMP, glucocorticoids, and possibly gasotransmitters, work in synergy to constitute a uterine brake that suspends the intrinsic contractility of the myometrium, thus enabling retention of the conceptus and the progression of pregnancy. As term approaches, this uterine brake of relaxatory signalling is ultimately withdrawn, thus permitting restoration of myometrial contractility and culminating in the initiation of labor.
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Nova |
2020 |
Steine IM, LeWinn KZ, Lisha N, Tylavsky F, Smith R, Bowman M, et al., 'Maternal exposure to childhood traumatic events, but not multi-domain psychosocial stressors, predict placental corticotrophin releasing hormone across pregnancy', SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 266 (2020) [C1]
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Nova |
2020 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Forder PM, Getachew T, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Spatial variations and associated factors of modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis', BMJ open, 10 1-11 (2020) [C1]
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Nova |
2020 |
Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Mossman D, Wong-Brown MW, Chan EC, et al., 'Global DNA methylation and cognitive and behavioral outcomes at 4 years of age: A cross-sectional study', Brain and Behavior, 10 1-11 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Incidence and determinants of neonatal near miss in south Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study', BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20 (2020) [C1]
Background: For every neonate who dies, many others experience a near miss event that could have but did not result in death. Neonatal near miss is three to eight times more frequ... [more]
Background: For every neonate who dies, many others experience a near miss event that could have but did not result in death. Neonatal near miss is three to eight times more frequent than neonatal deaths and, therefore, is more useful for assessing the determinants of adverse neonatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and determinants of neonatal near miss in south Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based prospective study was conducted among 2704 neonates between 12 July to 26 November 2018. The neonates were followed from the time of admission to hospital discharge or seven postpartum days if the newborn stayed in the hospital. The data were collected by interviewer-administered questionnaire and medical record review. Logistic regression was employed to identify the distant, intermediate and proximal factors associated with neonatal near miss. The independent variables were analysed in three hierarchical blocks. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the strength of the associations. Results: The incidences of neonatal near miss and neonatal death were 45.1 (95% CI = 37.7-53.8) and 17.4 (95% CI = 13.0-23.3) per 1000 live births, respectively. Of those newborns who experienced neonatal near miss, more than half (59.8%) of their mothers were referred from other health facilities. After adjusting for potential confounders, the odds of neonatal near miss were significantly higher among neonates with a low monthly income (< 79 USD monthly), a birth interval of less than 24 months and where severe maternal complications had occurred. Conclusion: Strategies to improve neonatal survival need a multifaceted approach that includes socio-economic and health-related factors. The findings of this study highlight important implications for policymakers with regard to neonatal near miss. In particular, addressing inequalities by increasing women's income, promoting an optimal birth interval of 24 months or above through postpartum family planning, and preventing maternal complications may improve newborn survival.
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Nova |
2020 |
Rowe CW, Dill T, Griffin N, Jobling P, Faulkner S, Paul JW, et al., 'Innervation of papillary thyroid cancer and its association with extra-thyroidal invasion', Scientific Reports, 10 (2020) [C1]
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2019 |
Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'The impact of antenatal care on neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis', PLoS ONE, 14 (2019) [C1]
Background Newborns are at greatest risk of dying at and shortly after the time of birth. Newborn mortality remains an urgent concern and is an important indicator of child health... [more]
Background Newborns are at greatest risk of dying at and shortly after the time of birth. Newborn mortality remains an urgent concern and is an important indicator of child health, development and well-being. Studies examining the effectiveness of antenatal care on maternal and newborn health outcomes have provided conflicting results. The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to determine the pooled effect of antenatal care on neonatal mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We searched PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Google Scholar from September to November 2016 and then updated our search on April 13, 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data from eligible studies. The quality of each included study was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment tool for Non-Randomized Studies (RoBANS). The results were reported based on risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using a random-effects model. Results Eight hundred and ninety eight studies were initially identified. During screening, 23 studies were found to be relevant for data extraction. Of these, only twelve studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. In five of the twelve studies included in the analysis, antenatal care service utilization had a significant association with neonatal mortality. The pooled risk ratio by the random-effects model was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.86) for neonates born to women who received at least one antenatal care visit by a skilled provider as compared to neonates born to women who did not receive antenatal care. Conclusion This review indicates that utilization of at least one antenatal care visit by a skilled provider during pregnancy reduces the risk of neonatal mortality by 39% in sub-Saharan African countries. Thus, in order to accelerate progress towards the reduction of newborn deaths, all pregnant women should receive antenatal care during pregnancy.
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2019 |
Smith R, Butler T, Chan E-C, 'Do estrogen receptor variants explain the enigma of human birth?', EBioMedicine, 39 25-26 (2019)
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2019 |
Gould GS, Bovill M, Pollock L, Bonevski B, Gruppetta M, Atkins L, et al., 'Feasibility and acceptability of Indigenous Counselling and Nicotine (ICAN) QUIT in Pregnancy multicomponent implementation intervention and study design for Australian Indigenous pregnant women: A pilot cluster randomised step-wedge trial.', Addictive behaviors, 90 176-190 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Hussein WM, Cheong YS, Liu C, Liu G, Begum AA, Attallah MA, et al., 'Peptide-based targeted polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery.', Nanotechnology, 30 415604 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Smith R, Hartley L, De Boever P, 'Retinal microvascular development in the first two years', Microvascular Research, 125 1-4 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Johnsson VL, Smith R, Rode L, 'Reply: Vaginal progesterone treatment and circulating progesterone levels-An association yet to be determined', ACTA OBSTETRICIA ET GYNECOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, 98 398-398 (2019)
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2019 |
Rowe CW, Faulkner S, Paul JW, Tolosa JM, Gedye C, Bendinelli C, et al., 'The precursor for nerve growth factor (proNGF) is not a serum or biopsy-rinse biomarker for thyroid cancer diagnosis.', BMC endocrine disorders, 19 128 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Rowe CW, Dill T, Faulkner S, Gedye C, Paul JW, Tolosa JM, et al., 'The precursor for nerve growth factor (ProNGF) in thyroid cancer lymph node metastases: Correlation with primary tumour and pathological variables', International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20 1-13 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Tekelab T, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Factors affecting utilization of antenatal care in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis', PLOS ONE, 14 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Pringle KG, Lee YQ, Weatherall L, Keogh L, Diehm C, Roberts CT, et al., 'Influence of maternal adiposity, preterm birth and birth weight centiles on early childhood obesity in an Indigenous Australian pregnancy-through-to-early-childhood cohort study', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10 39-47 (2019) [C1]
Childhood obesity rates are higher among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous Australian children. It has been hypothesized that early-life influences beginning with the intrau... [more]
Childhood obesity rates are higher among Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous Australian children. It has been hypothesized that early-life influences beginning with the intrauterine environment predict the development of obesity in the offspring. The aim of this paper was to assess, in 227 mother-child dyads from the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort, associations between prematurity, Gestation Related-Optimal Weight (GROW) centiles, maternal adiposity (percentage body fat, visceral fat area), maternal non-fasting plasma glucose levels (measured at mean gestational age of 23.1 weeks) and offspring BMI and adiposity (abdominal circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness) in early childhood (mean age 23.4 months). Maternal non-fasting plasma glucose concentrations were positively associated with infant birth weight (P=0.005) and GROW customized birth weight centiles (P=0.008). There was a significant association between maternal percentage body fat (P=0.02) and visceral fat area (P=0.00) with infant body weight in early childhood. Body mass index (BMI) in early childhood was significantly higher in offspring born preterm compared with those born at term (P=0.03). GROW customized birth weight centiles was significantly associated with body weight (P=0.01), BMI (P=0.007) and abdominal circumference (P=0.039) at early childhood. Our findings suggest that being born preterm, large for gestational age or exposed to an obesogenic intrauterine environment and higher maternal non-fasting plasma glucose concentrations are associated with increased obesity risk in early childhood. Future strategies should aim to reduce the prevalence of overweight/obesity in women of child-bearing age and emphasize the importance of optimal glycemia during pregnancy, particularly in Indigenous women.
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Nova |
2019 |
Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Evans TJ, Hure AJ, 'Dietary intake and food sources of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in preschool aged children', European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73 1179-1193 (2019) [C1]
Background:: It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This ... [more]
Background:: It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns associated with the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in children aged 2¿3 years. Methods:: A validated 120-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires at 2¿3 years of age were used to estimate the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients (methionine, folate, choline and vitamins B2, B6, B12) and to quantify mean number of serves consumed of the food groups specified by the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the contribution of each food group and food items to the total intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Linear regression was used to test for linear trends in food group servings by nutrient intake quintiles. Results:: No child (n = 60) from the Women And Their Children¿s Health (WATCH) study consumed the recommended number of serves for all AGHE food groups. Dairy and alternatives (18¿44%), discretionary foods (6¿33%) and meat and alternatives (6¿31%) were the main sources of most one-carbon metabolism nutrients. Most child intakes of one-carbon metabolism nutrients exceeded the nutrient reference values (NRVs), except for the intake of choline, for which the mean intake was 9% below the adequate intake (AI). Conclusion:: Dairy and alternatives, discretionary foods and meat and alternatives food groups contributed significantly to the children¿s intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients. The children generally had low intakes of meat and alternative foods, which may explain their inadequate intake of choline.
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Nova |
2019 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Getachew T, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Antenatal care use in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis', BMC PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH, 19 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Johnsson VL, Pedersen NG, Worda K, Krampl-Bettelheim E, Skibsted L, Hinterberger S, et al., 'Plasma progesterone, estradiol, and unconjugated estriol concentrations in twin pregnancies: Relation with cervical length and preterm delivery', Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 98 86-94 (2019) [C1]
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the association between plasma hormone concentrations, cervical length, and preterm delivery in twin pregnancies, including the ... [more]
Introduction: The aim of this study was to examine the association between plasma hormone concentrations, cervical length, and preterm delivery in twin pregnancies, including the effect of progesterone treatment. Material and methods: This study included 191 women pregnant with twins from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. A baseline blood sample was collected at 18-24¿weeks before treatment with vaginal progesterone (n¿=¿95) or placebo pessaries (n¿=¿96), and 167 (87.4%) women had a second sample collected after 4-8¿weeks of treatment. At baseline, 155 (81.2%) women had their cervical length measured. Progesterone, estradiol, and unconjugated estriol concentration was measured, and the association between hormone concentrations, cervical length, and gestational age at delivery was examined. Hormone concentrations were compared in the placebo and progesterone group. Statistical analysis included Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U test, Cuzick's test for trends, and linear regression analyses. Results: A short cervical length was associated with preterm delivery. Cervical length and hormone concentrations were not associated (Spearman's rho; progesterone -.05, estradiol.04, estriol.08). Decreasing gestational age at delivery was associated with higher progesterone and estradiol concentrations at baseline (P trend; progesterone 0.04, estradiol 0.02) but not in the second sample or in the weekly change between samples. Progesterone treatment did not increase the progesterone concentration. Conclusions: Plasma concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and unconjugated estriol at 18-24¿weeks are not associated with cervical length or preterm delivery in twin pregnancies. Vaginal progesterone treatment does not increase the circulating progesterone concentration in twin pregnancies. Cervical length, but not hormone concentration, is predictive of preterm delivery in twin gestations.
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Nova |
2019 |
Tesfaye G, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Magnitude and correlates of postnatal care utilization among reproductive aged women in a rural district in eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study', Midwifery, 70 22-30 (2019) [C1]
Background: Postnatal care is critical to detect and manage postpartum complications in the early stages as well as to prevent potentially life-threatening health conditions that ... [more]
Background: Postnatal care is critical to detect and manage postpartum complications in the early stages as well as to prevent potentially life-threatening health conditions that lead to maternal death. However, postnatal care utilization is persistently low in Ethiopia. The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude and correlates of postnatal care utilization among reproductiveaged women in Kersa district, in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in ten randomly selected sub-districts in Kersa district. Respondents were recruited using systematic random sampling techniques. Data were collected by an interviewer-administered questionnaire using iPads. A total of 1206 respondents¿ data were considered in the analysis. Frequency and percentage distributions of the variables were performed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify the predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with postnatal care utilization. An Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval was used to ascertain the direction and strength of the association. Results: Less than one in thirteen women attended postnatal care after their last delivery in the study community. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that postnatal care utilization is associated with receiving education on maternal health, best friend's use of maternal care, head of the household, and experience of postpartum complications. Receiving education on maternal health (AOR, 2.32; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.89) and best friend's use of maternal care (AOR, 2.41; 95% CI: 1.39, 4.19) were significant predisposing factors that independently predicted postnatal care utilization. Furthermore, head of the household was a significantly associated enabling factor for postnatal care utilization (AOR, 0.24; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.81). The experience of postpartum complications (AOR, 0.10; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.20) was the only need factor that was associated with postnatal care utilization. Conclusion: Postnatal care utilization is extremely low in the study district. Strengthening health education and promotion activities on maternal health, peer education programs within the women's social networks, strengthening women empowerment programs, and women's mobilization to seek postnatal care before the occurrence of complications are essential actions that can improve postnatal care utilization.
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Nova |
2019 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Getachew T, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Service environment link and false discovery rate correction: Methodological considerations in population and health facility surveys.', PLoS One, 14 e0219860 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Butler T, Paul J, Chan E-C, Smith R, Tolosa Gonzalez JM, 'Misleading Westerns: Common Quantification Mistakes in Western Blot Densitometry and Proposed Corrective Measures', BioMed Research International, 2019 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Smith R, Mohapatra L, Hunter M, Evans TJ, Oldmeadow C, Holliday E, et al., 'A case for not adjusting birthweight customized standards for ethnicity: observations from a unique Australian cohort', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 220 277.e1-277.e10 (2019) [C1]
Background: Low birthweight is more common in infants of indigenous (Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander) than of White Australian mothers. Controversy exists on whether feta... [more]
Background: Low birthweight is more common in infants of indigenous (Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander) than of White Australian mothers. Controversy exists on whether fetal growth is normally different in different populations. Objective: We sought to determine the relationships of birthweight, birthweight percentiles, and smoking with perinatal outcomes in indigenous vs nonindigenous infants to determine whether the White infant growth charts could be applied to indigenous infants. Study Design: Data were analyzed for indigenous status, maternal age and smoking, and perinatal outcomes in 45,754 singleton liveborn infants of at least 20 weeks gestation or 400 g birthweight delivered in New South Wales, Australia, between June 2010 and July 2015. Results: Indigenous infants (n=6372; 14%) had a mean birthweight 67 g lower than nonindigenous infants (P<.0001; with adjustment for infant sex and maternal body mass index). Indigenous mean birthweight percentile was 4.2 units lower (P<.0001). Adjustment for maternal age, smoking, body mass index, and infant sex reduced the difference in birthweight/percentiles to nonsignificance (12 g; P=.07). Conclusion: Disparities exist between indigenous and non-indigenous Australian infants for birthweight, birthweight percentile, and adverse outcome rates. Adjustment for smoking and maternal age removed any significant difference in birthweights and birthweight percentiles for indigenous infants. Our data indicate that birthweight percentiles should not be adjusted for indigenous ethnicity because this normalizes disadvantage; because White and indigenous Australians have diverged for approximately 50,000 years, it is likely that the same conclusions apply to other ethnic groups. The disparities in birthweight percentiles that are associated with smoking will likely perpetuate indigenous disadvantage into the future because low birthweight is linked to the development of chronic noncommunicable disease and poorer educational attainment; similar problems may affect other indigenous populations.
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Nova |
2019 |
Lee YQ, Lumbers ER, Oldmeadow C, Collins CE, Johnson V, Keogh L, et al., 'The relationship between maternal adiposity during pregnancy and fetal kidney development and kidney function in infants: the Gomeroi gaaynggal study', Physiological reports, 7 1-14 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Lumbers ER, Smith R, 'Female preterm indigenous Australian infants have lower renal volumes than males: A predisposing factor for end-stage renal disease?', Nephrology, 24 933-937 (2019) [C1]
Aim: Indigenous Australians have an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indigenous women have a higher rate of CKD than men. In a cohort of Indigenous and n... [more]
Aim: Indigenous Australians have an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indigenous women have a higher rate of CKD than men. In a cohort of Indigenous and non-Indigenous preterm neonates, we assessed total renal volume (TRV) (a proxy indicator for nephron number). We hypothesized that there would be no difference in renal volume between these two groups at term corrected (37 weeks gestation). Methods: Normally grown preterm neonates less than 32 weeks of gestation were recruited and at term corrected dates, the neonates underwent renal ultrasonography (TRV measurements), urine microalbumin-creatinine ratio and serum analysis for Cystatin C measurement for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculation. Results: One hundred and five neonates (38 Indigenous; 67 non-Indigenous) were recruited. Indigenous neonates were significantly more premature and of lower birth weight. At term corrected age, Indigenous neonates had a significantly smaller TRV (18.5 (4.2) vs 21.4 (5.1) cm3; P = 0.027) despite no significant difference in body weight. Despite having a smaller TRV, there was no significant difference in eGFR between Indigenous and Non-indigenous neonates (47.8 [43.2¿50.4] vs 46.2 [42.6¿53.3] ml/min per 1.73 m2; P = 0.986). These infants achieve similar eGFR through hyperfiltration, which likely increases their future risk of CKD. There was no difference in microalbumin-creatinine ratio. Female Indigenous neonates, however, had significantly smaller TRV compared with Indigenous male neonates (15.9 (3.6) vs 20.6 (3.6) cm3; P = 0.006), despite no difference in eGFR, birth weight, gestational age, and weight at term corrected. Conclusion: The difference in TRV is likely to be an important risk factor for the difference in morbidity and mortality from renal disease reported between male and female Indigenous adults.
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Nova |
2019 |
Tesfaye G, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Predisposing, enabling and need factors associated with skilled delivery care utilization among reproductive-aged women in Kersa district, eastern Ethiopia', REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH, 16 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
McEwen EC, Boulton TJ, Smith R, 'Can the gap in Aboriginal outcomes be explained by DOHaD.', Journal of developmental origins of health and disease, 10 5-16 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Swales DA, Grande LA, Wing DA, Edelmann M, Glynn LM, Sandman C, et al., 'Can Placental Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Inform Timing of Antenatal Corticosteroid Administration?', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 104 443-450 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Bar-Zeev Y, Bovill M, Bonevski B, Gruppetta M, Oldmeadow C, Palazzi K, et al., 'Improving smoking cessation care in pregnancy at Aboriginal Medical Services: 'ICAN QUIT in Pregnancy' step-wedge cluster randomised study', BMJ OPEN, 9 (2019) [C1]
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Nova |
2019 |
Mah BL, Pringle KG, Weatherall L, Keogh L, Schumacher T, Eades S, et al., 'Pregnancy stress, healthy pregnancy and birth outcomes - The need for early preventative approaches in pregnant Australian Indigenous women: A prospective longitudinal cohort study', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10 31-38 (2019) [C1]
Adverse pregnancy outcomes including prematurity and low birth weight (LBW) have been associated with life-long chronic disease risk for the infant. Stress during pregnancy increa... [more]
Adverse pregnancy outcomes including prematurity and low birth weight (LBW) have been associated with life-long chronic disease risk for the infant. Stress during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Many studies have reported the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Indigenous populations and a smaller number of studies have measured rates of stress and depression in these populations. This study sought to examine the potential association between stress during pregnancy and the rate of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Australian Indigenous women residing in rural and remote communities in New South Wales. This study found a higher rate of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy than the general population. There was also a higher incidence of prematurity and LBW deliveries. Unfortunately, missing post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptomatology data impeded the examination of associations of interest. This was largely due to the highly sensitive nature of the issues under investigation, and the need to ensure adequate levels of trust between Indigenous women and research staff before disclosure and recording of sensitive research data. We were unable to demonstrate a significant association between the level of stress and the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes at this stage. We recommend this longitudinal study continue until complete data sets are available. Future research in this area should ensure prioritization of building trust in participants and overestimating sample size to ensure no undue pressure is placed upon an already stressed participant.
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Nova |
2018 |
Paul JW, Smith R, 'Preventing Preterm Birth: New Approaches to Labour Therapeutics using Nanoparticles', BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH CLINICAL OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, 52 48-59 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Tesfaye G, Loxton D, Chojenta C, Assefa N, Smith R, 'Magnitude, trends and causes of maternal mortality among reproductive aged women in Kersa health and demographic surveillance system, eastern Ethiopia', BMC WOMENS HEALTH, 18 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Diehm CJ, Lumbers ER, Weatherall L, Keogh L, Eades S, Brown A, et al., 'Assessment of Fetal Kidney Growth and Birth Weight in an Indigenous Australian Cohort', FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY, 8 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Kandasamy Y, Hartley L, Rudd D, Smith R, 'The lack of association between vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy of prematurity in an observational study', Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 31 2202-2208 (2018) [C1]
Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between prematurity, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGFR-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kina... [more]
Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between prematurity, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), VEGFR-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1)) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: A cohort of 53 neonates (gestation <28 weeks) was recruited into this study and peripheral venous samples for VEGF and sFLT-1 measurement were obtained between gestational ages 320¿326 weeks. Results: The mean birth weight for the preterm neonates was 850 (178) g and the median gestational age was 26.4 [24.7¿27.4] weeks. The median VEGF-A level was 1348 [608¿2216] pg/mL and the median sFLT-1 level was 178 [103¿244] pg/mL. Thirty-three neonates (33/53) developed various stages of ROP during their stay in the neonatal unit but only five neonates developed severe (stage 3) ROP needing treatment. The neonates with ROP were smaller (birth weight 801 (111) vs. 990 (175) g; p <.0001), more preterm (gestation 25.4 [24.2¿26.0] vs. 27.1 [26.8¿27.9] weeks; p <.0001) and received supplemental oxygen for a longer duration (1140 [218¿1813] vs. 04 [40¿434] hours; p=.012). There was no statistically significant difference in the VEGF-A level or sFLT-1 levels between those who developed ROP and those who did not. There was a positive correlation between VEGF and both birth weight and gestation, respectively. There was no correlation between sFLT1 and birth weight or gestation. VEGF-A/sFLT-1 ratio in babies treated for ROP was significantly lower compared to those not treated (2.8 [1.0¿5.7] vs. 9.9 [5.6¿13.7]; p =.04). A logistic regression model identified gestational age to be a statistically significant predictor of ROP (odds ratio 0.03 (0.001¿0.550); p =.019). Conclusions: There is no direct correlation between systemic VEGF-A or sFLT-1 plasma levels and severity of ROP in extremely preterm neonates. The link between VEGF and ROP remains to be fully understood.
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Nova |
2018 |
Sultana Z, Maiti K, Dedman L, Smith R, 'Is there a role for placental senescence in the genesis of obstetric complications and fetal growth restriction?', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218 S762-S773 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Tegegne TK, Chojenta C, Loxton D, Smith R, Kibret KT, 'The impact of geographic access on institutional delivery care use in low and middle-income countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis.', PloS one, 13 e0203130 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Tesfaye G, Chojenta C, Smith R, Loxton D, 'Application of the Andersen-Newman model of health care utilization to understand antenatal care use in Kersa District, Eastern Ethiopia', PLOS ONE, 13 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
McEwen EC, Guthridge SL, He VYF, McKenzie JW, Boulton TJ, Smith R, 'What birthweight percentile is associated with optimal perinatal mortality and childhood education outcomes?', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 218 S713-S724 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Smith R, Lumbers ER, Wright IM, 'Extra uterine development of preterm kidneys.', Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 33 1007-1012 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Sharma BB, Loxton DJ, Murray H, Angeli GL, Oldmeadow C, Chiu S, Smith R, 'A first step to improving maternal mortality in a low-literacy setting; the successful use of singing to improve knowledge regarding antenatal care', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 219 615.e1-615.e11 (2018) [C1]
Background: Preventable maternal mortality is related to delays in recognizing the problem, transport to a facility, and receiving appropriate care on arrival. Reducing maternal m... [more]
Background: Preventable maternal mortality is related to delays in recognizing the problem, transport to a facility, and receiving appropriate care on arrival. Reducing maternal mortality in low-literacy settings is particularly challenging. In the rural villages of Nepal, the maternal mortality rate is among the highest in the world; the reasons include illiteracy and lack of knowledge of the needs of pregnant women. Culturally, singing and dancing are part of Nepalese daily life and present an opportunity to transmit knowledge of antenatal care and care at birth with a view to reducing the first 2 delays. Objective: We hypothesized that health messages regarding the importance of antenatal care and skilled birth assistance would be effectively transmitted by songs in the limited literacy environment of rural Nepal. Study Design: We randomly grouped 4 rural village development committees comprising 36 villages into 2 (intervention and control) clusters. In the intervention group, local groups were invited to write song lyrics incorporating key health messages regarding antenatal care to accompany popular melodies. The groups presented their songs and dances in a festival organized and judged by the community. The winning songs were performed by the local people in a song and dance progression through the villages, houses, and fields. A wall chart with the key health messages was also provided to each household. Knowledge of household decision makers (senior men and women) was assessed before and after the intervention and at 12 months using a structured questionnaire in all households that also assessed behavior change. Results: Structured interviews were conducted at baseline, immediately postintervention in the control and intervention areas (intervention n = 735 interviews, control n = 775), and at 12 months in the intervention area only (n = 867). Knowledge scores were recorded as the number of correct items out of 36 questions at baseline and postintervention, and of 21 questions at follow-up. Postintervention, test score doubled in the intervention group from a mean of 11.60/36¿22.33/36 (P <.001), with no practically significant change in the control population (17.48/36¿18.26/36). Improvement was greatest among the most illiterate members of the community (6.8/36¿19.8/36, P <.001). At 12 months follow-up, a majority of the participants (63.9%) indicated that they provided information learned from the songs to their neighbors and friends, and 41.3% reported still singing the songs from the intervention. Conclusion: The use of songs bypassed the limitations of literacy in communicating health messages that are key to improving maternal care in this low-literacy rural setting within a developing country. The improvements were maintained without further intervention for 12 months. With appropriate sociocultural adaptation to local contexts, this low-cost method of community education may be applicable to improving maternal health knowledge and behavior change in other low-resource and limited literacy settings that may lead to reductions in maternal mortality.
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Nova |
2018 |
Smith R, Perera BK, Chan DWC, 'Changes over time in hip fracture risk: Greater improvements in men compared to women', CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 89 324-329 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Sharma BB, Jones L, Loxton DJ, Booth D, Smith R, 'Systematic review of community participation interventions to improve maternal health outcomes in rural South Asia.', BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2018 |
Pringle KG, de Meaultsart CC, Sykes SD, Weatherall LJ, Keogh L, Clausen DC, et al., 'Urinary angiotensinogen excretion in Australian Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnant women', Pregnancy Hypertension, 12 110-117 (2018) [C1]
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy. Urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT) l... [more]
The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (iRAS) is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetic nephropathy. Urinary angiotensinogen (uAGT) levels reflect the activity of the iRAS and are altered in women with preeclampsia. Since Indigenous Australians suffer high rates and early onset of renal disease, we hypothesised that Indigenous Australian pregnant women, like non-Indigenous women with pregnancy complications, would have altered uAGT levels. The excretion of RAS proteins was measured in non-Indigenous and Indigenous Australian women with uncomplicated or complicated pregnancies (preeclampsia, diabetes/gestational diabetes, proteinuria/albuminuria, hypertension, small/large for gestational age, preterm birth), and in non-pregnant non-Indigenous women. Non-Indigenous pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies, had higher uAGT/creatinine levels than non-Indigenous non-pregnant women (P < 0.01), and levels increased as pregnancy progressed (P < 0.001). In non-Indigenous pregnant women with pregnancy complications, uAGT/creatinine was suppressed in the third trimester (P < 0.01). In Indigenous pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies, there was no change in uAGT/creatinine with gestational age and uAGT/creatinine was lower in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters than in non-Indigenous pregnant women with uncomplicated pregnancies (P < 0.03, P < 0.007, respectively). The uAGT/creatinine ratios of Indigenous women with uncomplicated or complicated pregnancies were the same. A decrease in uAGT/creatinine with advancing gestational age was associated with increased urinary albumin/creatinine, as is seen in preeclampsia, but it was not specific for this disorder. The reduced uAGT/creatinine in Indigenous pregnant women may reflect subclinical renal dysfunction which limits the ability of the kidney to maintain sodium balance and could indicate an increased risk of pregnancy complications and/or future renal disease.
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Nova |
2018 |
Taylor RM, Smith R, Collins CE, Mossman D, Wong-Brown MW, Chan EC, et al., 'Methyl-donor and cofactor nutrient intakes in the first 2 3 years and global DNA methylation at age 4: A prospective cohort study', Nutrients, 10 (2018) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Pan X, Bowman M, Scott RJ, Fitter J, Smith R, Zakar T, 'Promoter methylation pattern controls corticotropin releasing hormone gene activity in human trophoblasts', PLoS ONE, 12 1-18 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Rowe CW, Paul JW, Gedye C, Tolosa JM, Bendinelli C, McGrath S, Smith R, 'Targeting the TSH receptor in thyroid cancer', Endocrine-Related Cancer, 24 R191-R202 (2017) [C1]
Recent advances in the arena of theranostics have necessitated a re-examining of previously established fields. The existing paradigm of therapeutic thyroid-stimulating hormone re... [more]
Recent advances in the arena of theranostics have necessitated a re-examining of previously established fields. The existing paradigm of therapeutic thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) targeting in the post-surgical management of differentiated thyroid cancer using levothyroxine and recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is well understood. However, in an era of personalized medicine, and with an increasing awareness of the risk profile of longstanding pharmacological hyperthyroidism, it is imperative clinicians understand the molecular basis and magnitude of benefit for individual patients. Furthermore, TSHR has been recently re-conceived as a selective target for residual metastatic thyroid cancer, with pilot data demonstrating effective targeting of nanoparticles to thyroid cancers using this receptor as a target. This review examines the evidence for TSHR signaling as an oncogenic pathway and assesses the evidence for ongoing TSHR expression in thyroid cancer metastases. Priorities for further research are highlighted.
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Nova |
2017 |
Kandasamy Y, Hartley L, Smith R, 'Retinal microvascular plasticity in a premature neonate', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 8 284-286 (2017) [C1]
Dilation and abnormal tortuosity of retinal vessels are the hallmarks of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants. The stages of ROP are defined by vessel appe... [more]
Dilation and abnormal tortuosity of retinal vessels are the hallmarks of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants. The stages of ROP are defined by vessel appearance at the interface between the vascular and avascular retinal areas. Deregulated signaling pathways involving hypoxia-inducible factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are involved in the pathogenesis of ROP. VEGF-antagonists are increasingly being used as 'off-label medication' to treat this condition, with some success. We present Baby SM (female), who was born prematurely at 24 weeks gestation in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and with a birth weight of 640 g. On screening at 35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), she was noted to have ROP, which became severe by 37 weeks PMA. She received one dose of intravitreal VEGF antagonist (Bevacizumab), resulting in a decrease in vessel tortuosity and dilation. However, repeat imaging at 4 weeks showed a re-emergence of vessel tortuosity. We believe the observed changes demonstrate an inherent retinal microvascular plasticity in premature neonates. With improved survival of extremely premature neonates and the availability of retinal imaging technology, we are now able to observe this plasticity.
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Nova |
2017 |
Sominsky L, Hodgson DM, McLaughlin EA, Smith R, Wall HM, Spencer SJ, 'Linking stress and infertility: a novel role for ghrelin', Endocrine Reviews, 38 432-467 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Joshi T, Woodford P, Maiti K, Smith R, Gani J, Acharya S, 'Giant Retroperitoneal Teratoma Associated With Unexpected Postoperative Adrenal Insufficiency: Crh And Acth Secretion From Teratoma?', AACE Clinical Case Reports, 3 e8-e11 (2017)
Objective: To report a case of a giant retroperitoneal teratoma involving the adrenal gland associated with persistent postoperative adrenal insufficiency likely due to the secret... [more]
Objective: To report a case of a giant retroperitoneal teratoma involving the adrenal gland associated with persistent postoperative adrenal insufficiency likely due to the secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the teratoma. Methods: We describe the presenting signs and symptoms, investigations, and pathologic features leading to the diagnosis and treatment options. Results: A 29-year-old male was found to have a large retroperitoneal mass arising near the right kidney and adrenal, encasing the dual renal arteries and causing right urinary tract obstruction on computed tomography imaging. Resection of the mass required right nephrectomy and median sternotomy. Microscopy demonstrated a mature teratoma arising from the retroperitoneum. The right adrenal gland was compressed and trapped in the edge of the mass. His postoperative course was complicated by unexpected persistent hypocortisolism requiring cortisol replacement. Subsequent immunostaining was positive for CRH and ACTH, suggesting that the teratoma was secreting CRH and ACTH. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of teratoma associated with CRH and ACTH secretion leading to postoperative adrenal insufficiency. Although extremely rare, the possibility of a teratoma secreting hormones should be kept in mind and appropriate evaluation is recommended pre- and postoperatively. ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone; AFP = alphafetoprotein; CRH = corticotropin releasing hormone; CT = computed tomography; RR = reference range
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2017 |
Lim H, Powell S, McNamara HC, Forbes Howie A, Doust A, Bowman ME, et al., 'Placental hormone profiles as predictors of preterm birth in twin pregnancy: A prospective cohort study', PLoS ONE, 12 (2017) [C1]
Objective The objective of the study was to analyse placental hormone profiles in twin pregnancies to determine if they could be used to predict preterm birth. Study design Proges... [more]
Objective The objective of the study was to analyse placental hormone profiles in twin pregnancies to determine if they could be used to predict preterm birth. Study design Progesterone, estradiol, estriol and corticotropin-releasing hormone were measured using competitive immunoassay and radioimmunoassay in serum and saliva samples of 98 women with twin pregnancies,at 3 or more gestational timepoints. Hormone profiles throughout gestation were compared between very preterm (<34 weeks; n = 8), preterm (<37 weeks; n = 40) and term (37+ weeks; n = 50) deliveries. Results No significant differences were found between preterm and term deliveries in either absolute hormone concentrations or ratios. Estimated hormone concentrations and ratios at 26 weeks did not appear to predict preterm delivery. Salivary and serum hormone concentrations were generally poorly correlated. Conclusion Our results suggest that serial progesterone, estradiol, estriol and corticotropin-releasing hormone measurements in saliva and serum are not robust biomarkers for preterm birth in twin pregnancies.
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Nova |
2017 |
Maiti K, Sultana Z, Aitken RJ, Morris J, Park F, Andrew B, et al., 'Evidence that fetal death is associated with placental aging.', American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 217 441.e1-441.e14 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Paul JW, Hua S, Ilicic M, Tolosa JM, Butler T, Robertson S, Smith R, 'Drug delivery to the human and mouse uterus using immunoliposomes targeted to the oxytocin receptor', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 216 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Mah BL, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Out D, Smith R, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, 'The Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin Administration on Sensitive Caregiving in Mothers with Postnatal Depression', Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48 308-315 (2017) [C1]
Postnatal depression (PND) is common and negatively affects the mother¿infant relationship; oxytocin (OT) has been found to have positive effects on parenting, although psychiatri... [more]
Postnatal depression (PND) is common and negatively affects the mother¿infant relationship; oxytocin (OT) has been found to have positive effects on parenting, although psychiatric disorders may reduce these effects. Thus, we explored the role of OT in mothers diagnosed with PND. A within-subject, randomized controlled double-blind design was used to test the effects of nasal administration of OT or placebo on sensitive caregiving. The outcome measures were perceptual and caregiving responses to prerecorded cry sounds, as well as observed maternal sensitivity. We found that in the OT condition mothers with PND were more likely to rate an infant cry as more urgent and they were more likely to indicate they would chose a harsh caregiving strategy in response. There was no effect of OT on maternal sensitive interaction with their own baby. Further research is required prior to consideration of OT administration in depressed mothers of infants.
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Nova |
2017 |
Heidari Kani M, Chan EC, Young RC, Butler T, Smith R, Paul JW, '3D Cell Culturing and Possibilities for Myometrial Tissue Engineering', Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 45 1746-1757 (2017) [C1]
Research insights into uterine function and the mechanisms of labour have been hindered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models. The use of traditional culturing method... [more]
Research insights into uterine function and the mechanisms of labour have been hindered by the lack of suitable animal and cellular models. The use of traditional culturing methods limits the exploration of complex uterine functions, such as cell interactions, connectivity and contractile behaviour, as it fails to mimic the three-dimensional (3D) nature of uterine cell interactions in vivo. Animal models are an option, however, use of these models is constrained by ethical considerations as well as translational limitations to humans. Evidence indicates that these limitations can be overcome by using 3D culture systems, or 3D Bioprinters, to model the in vivo cytological architecture of the tissue in an in vitro environment. 3D cultured or 3D printed cells can be used to form an artificial tissue. This artificial tissue can not only be used as an appropriate model in which to study cellular function and organisation, but could also be used for regenerative medicine purposes including organ or tissue transplantation, organ donation and obstetric care. The current review describes recent developments in cell culture that can facilitate the development of myometrial 3D structures and tissue engineering applications.
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Nova |
2017 |
Mah B, Weatherall L, Burrows J, Blackwell CC, Gwynn J, Wadhwa P, et al., 'Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in pregnant Australian Indigenous women residing in rural and remote New South Wales: A cross-sectional descriptive study', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 57 520-525 (2017) [C1]
Background: Pregnancy can be a stressful time for many women. There is ample evidence of numerous physical and mental health inequities for Indigenous Australians. For those Indig... [more]
Background: Pregnancy can be a stressful time for many women. There is ample evidence of numerous physical and mental health inequities for Indigenous Australians. For those Indigenous women who are pregnant, it is established that there is a higher incidence of poor physical perinatal outcomes when compared with non-Indigenous Australians. However, little evidence exists that examines stressful events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pregnant women who are members of this community. Aims: To quantify the rates of stressful events and PTSD symptoms in pregnant Indigenous women. Methods: One hundred and fifty rural and remote Indigenous women were invited to complete a survey during each trimester of their pregnancy. The survey measures were the stressful life events and the Impact of Events Scale. Results: Extremely high rates of PTSD symptoms were reported by participants. Approximately 40% of this group exhibited PTSD symptoms during their pregnancy with mean score 33.38 (SD¿=¿14.37) significantly higher than a study of European victims of crisis, including terrorism attacks (20.6, SD¿=¿18.5). Conclusions: The extreme levels of PTSD symptoms found in the women participating in this study are likely to result in negative implications for both mother and infant. An urgent response must be mounted at government, health, community development and research levels to address these findings. Immediate attention needs to focus on the development of interventions to address the¿high¿levels of PTSD symptoms that pregnant Australian Indigenous women¿experience.
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Nova |
2017 |
Tesfaye G, Loxton D, Chojenta C, Semahegn A, Smith R, 'Delayed initiation of antenatal care and associated factors in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.', Reproductive health, 14 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Taylor RM, Fealy SM, Bisquera A, Smith R, Collins CE, Evans T-J, Hure AJ, 'Effects of Nutritional Interventions during Pregnancy on Infant and Child Cognitive Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.', Nutrients, 9 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Kandasamy Y, Rudd D, Smith R, 'The relationship between body weight, cystatin C and serum creatinine in neonates', Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 10 419-423 (2017) [C1]
BACKGROUND: Serum creatinine (SCr) measurement to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in neonates has many pitfalls. Cystatin C (CysC) appears to be a more reliable biomark... [more]
BACKGROUND: Serum creatinine (SCr) measurement to determine glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in neonates has many pitfalls. Cystatin C (CysC) appears to be a more reliable biomarker. METHODS:We investigated the effect of birth weight on SCr and CysC measurements in a cohort of 74 infants, consisting of both term and ex-premature infants at term postmenstrual age. SCr and Cys C measurements were carried out at the same time. RESULTS: Eighty six infants were recruited into this study out of which complete data were available in 80 infants. The cohort consists of both term and premature infants at term PMA (31 terms and 49 preterms). The median SCr level was 17 [12-26] umol/L and mean CysC level was 1.64 [0.27] mg/L. SCr had a significant correlation with weight (r = 0.3; P = 0.011), whereas serum CysC had no correlation with the infant's weight (r = 0.01; P = 0.95). There were no statistically significant difference in SCr and CysC between male and female infants. CONCLUSION: Unlike CysC, SCr had a significant correlation with birth weight. SCr based GFR measurement may cause a delay in diagnosis of acute kidney injury in smaller neonates.
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Nova |
2017 |
Kandasamy Y, Hartley L, Rudd D, Smith R, 'The association between systemic vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy of prematurity in premature infants: A systematic review', British Journal of Ophthalmology, 101 21-24 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Sultana Z, Maiti K, Aitken J, Morris J, Dedman L, Smith R, 'Oxidative stress, placental ageing-related pathologies and adverse pregnancy outcomes', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, 77 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2017 |
Paul JW, ilicic M, zakar T, smith R, 'Expression of KCNH2 (hERG1) and KCNE2 Correlates With Expression of Key Myometrial Genes in Term Pregnant Human Myometrium', Journal of Human Endocrinology, 2 (2017) [C1]
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Nova |
2016 |
Rowe CW, Murray K, Woods A, Gupta S, Smith R, Wynne K, 'Management of metastatic thyroid cancer in pregnancy: risk and uncertainty', ENDOCRINOLOGY DIABETES AND METABOLISM CASE REPORTS, (2016)
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Nova |
2016 |
De Sousa SMC, Maiti K, Smith R, McCormack AI, 'Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) expression in the dermoid component of ovarian teratomas', JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY, 30 867-869 (2016)
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Nova |
2016 |
Ashman AM, Collins CE, Weatherall LJ, Keogh L, Brown LJ, Rollo ME, et al., 'Dietary intakes and anthropometric measures of Indigenous Australian women and their infants in the Gomeroi gaaynggal cohort', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 7 481-497 (2016) [C1]
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Nova |
2016 |
Ashman AM, Collins CE, Weatherall L, Brown LJ, Rollo ME, Clausen D, et al., 'A cohort of Indigenous Australian women and their children through pregnancy and beyond: The Gomeroi gaaynggal study', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 7 357-368 (2016) [C1]
Indigenous Australians have high rates of chronic diseases, the causes of which are complex and include social and environmental determinants. Early experiences in utero may also ... [more]
Indigenous Australians have high rates of chronic diseases, the causes of which are complex and include social and environmental determinants. Early experiences in utero may also predispose to later-life disease development. The Gomeroi gaaynggal study was established to explore intrauterine origins of renal disease, diabetes and growth in order to inform the development of health programmes for Indigenous Australian women and children. Pregnant women are recruited from antenatal clinics in Tamworth, Newcastle and Walgett, New South Wales, Australia, by Indigenous research assistants. Measures are collected at three time points in pregnancy and from women and their children at up to eight time points in the child's first 5 years. Measures of fetal renal development and function include ultrasound and biochemical biomarkers. Dietary intake, infant feeding and anthropometric measurements are collected. Standardized procedures and validated tools are used where available. Since 2010 the study has recruited over 230 women, and retained 66 postpartum. Recruitment is ongoing, and Gomeroi gaaynggal is currently the largest Indigenous pregnancy-through-early-childhood cohort internationally. Baseline median gestational age was 39.1 weeks (31.5-43.2, n=110), median birth weight was 3180 g (910-5430 g, n=110). Over one third (39.3%) of infants were admitted to special care or neonatal nursery. Nearly half of mothers (47.5%) reported tobacco smoking during pregnancy. Results of the study will contribute to knowledge about origins of chronic disease in Indigenous Australians and nutrition and growth of women and their offspring during pregnancy and postpartum. Study strengths include employment and capacity-building of Indigenous staff and the complementary ArtsHealth programme.
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Nova |
2016 |
Stirrat LI, O'Reilly JR, Barr SM, Andrew R, Riley SC, Howie AF, et al., 'Decreased maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in very severely obese pregnancy: Associations with birthweight and gestation at delivery', Psychoneuroendocrinology, 63 135-143 (2016) [C1]
Background: The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPAA) undergoes dramatic activation during pregnancy. Increased cortisol and corticotrophin-releasing-hormone (CRH) a... [more]
Background: The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPAA) undergoes dramatic activation during pregnancy. Increased cortisol and corticotrophin-releasing-hormone (CRH) associate with low birthweight and preterm labor. In non-pregnant obesity, the HPAA is activated but circulating cortisol levels are normal or lower than in lean women. We hypothesized that maternal cortisol levels would be lower in obese pregnancy, and would associate with increased fetal size and length of gestation. Method: Fasting serum cortisol was measured at 16, 28 and 36 weeks gestation and at 3-6 months postpartum in 276 severely obese and 135 lean women. In a subset of obese (n = 20) and lean (n = 20) we measured CRH, hormones that regulate bioavailable cortisol (corticosteroid-binding-globulin, estradiol, estriol, and progesterone). Urinary glucocorticoid metabolites were measured in pregnant (obese n = 6, lean n = 5) and non-pregnant (obese n = 7, lean n = 7) subjects. Results: Maternal cortisol and HPAA hormones were lower in obese pregnancy. Total urinary glucocorticoid metabolites increased significantly in lean pregnancy, but not in obese. Lower maternal cortisol in obese tended to be associated with increased birthweight (r = -0.13, p = 0.066). In obese, CRH at 28 weeks correlated inversely with gestational length (r = -0.49, p = 0.04), and independently predicted gestational length after adjustment for confounding factors (mean decrease in CRH of -0.25 pmol/L (95% CI -0.45 to -0.043 pmol/L) per/day increase in gestation). Conclusion: In obese pregnancy, lower maternal cortisol without an increase in urinary glucocorticoid clearance may indicate a lesser activation of the HPAA than in lean pregnancy. This may offer a novel mechanism underlying increased birthweight and longer gestation in obese pregnancy.
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Nova |
2016 |
Chai LK, Macdonald-Wicks L, Hure AJ, Burrows TL, Blumfield ML, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Disparities exist between the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and the dietary intakes of young children aged two to three years', Nutrition and Dietetics, 73 312-320 (2016) [C1]
Aim: To compare dietary intakes of young children to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) and Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Methods: Dietary intakes of 54 children (5... [more]
Aim: To compare dietary intakes of young children to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) and Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs). Methods: Dietary intakes of 54 children (50% girls) aged two to three years (mean 2.7 years) from the Women and Their Children's Health (WATCH) study were reported by mothers using a validated 120-item food frequency questionnaire. Daily consumption of AGHE food group servings, macronutrients, and micronutrients were compared to the AGHE and NRVs using t-test with significance set at P < 0.05. Results: No child achieved all AGHE targets, with the majority consuming less breads/cereals (1.9 vs 4.0 servings/day), vegetables (1.3 vs 2.5), and meat/alternatives (0.7 vs 1.0), all P < 0.0001. Adequate servings were observed for dairy (2.2 vs 1.5) and fruit (1.3 vs 1.0). Macronutrients were within recommended ranges, although 96% exceeded saturated fatty acid recommendations. Children who met selected NRVs consumed more fruit (1.4 vs 1.0; P < 0.0086), dairy (2.2 vs 1.5; P < 0.0001) and discretionary foods (2.6 vs =1.0; P < 0.0001) but less breads/cereals (2.0 vs 4.0; P < 0.0001) and vegetables (1.3 vs 2.5; P < 0.0001) servings, compared to the AGHE recommended servings. Conclusions: Child dietary intakes did not align with AGHE, while adequate nutrient profiles were achieved by various dietary patterns. Future studies involving data from larger, representative samples of children are warranted.
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Nova |
2016 |
Heslop B, Bailey K, Paul JW, Drew AJ, Smith R, 'Collaboration Guidelines to Transform Culture', Interdisciplinary Journal of Partnership Studies, 3 1-25 (2016) [C1]
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Nova |
2016 |
Albrecht C, Caniggia I, Clifton V, Gohner C, Harris L, Hemmings D, et al., 'IFPA meeting 2015 workshop report III: nanomedicine applications and exosome biology, xenobiotics and endocrine disruptors and pregnancy, and lipid', PLACENTA, 48 S12-S16 (2016)
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2015 |
Smith R, 'Reapplying the uterine brake in preterm labor', Science Translational Medicine, 7 (2015) [C3]
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2015 |
Pan X, Bowman M, Scott RJ, Fitter J, Nicholson RC, Smith R, Zakar T, 'Methylation of the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Gene Promoter in BeWo Cells: Relationship to Gene Activity', International Journal of Endocrinology, 2015 (2015) [C1]
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) production by the human placenta increases exponentially as pregnancy advances, and the rate of increase predicts gestational length. CRH gen... [more]
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) production by the human placenta increases exponentially as pregnancy advances, and the rate of increase predicts gestational length. CRH gene expression is regulated by cAMP in trophoblasts through a cyclic AMP-response element (CRE), which changes its transcription factor binding properties upon methylation. Here we determined whether methylation of the CRH proximal promoter controls basal and cAMP-stimulated CRH expression in BeWo cells, a well-characterized trophoblastic cell line. We treated the cells with 8-Br-cAMP and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC) and determined the effects on CRH mRNA level and promoter methylation. Clonal bisulfite sequencing showed partial and allele independent methylation of CpGs in the CRH promoter. CRH mRNA expression and the methylation of a subset of CpGs (including CpG2 in the CRE) increased spontaneously during culture. 8-Br-cAMP stimulated CRH expression without affecting the increase in methylation. 5-AZA-dC decreased methylation and augmented 8-Br-cAMP-stimulated CRH expression, but it blocked the spontaneous increase of CRH mRNA level. We conclude that the CRH promoter is a dynamically and intermediately methylated genomic region in BeWo cells. Promoter methylation did not inhibit CRH gene expression under the conditions employed; rather it determined the contribution of alternative cAMP-independent pathways and cAMP-independent mechanisms to CRH expression control.
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Nova |
2015 |
Pringle KG, Weatherall L, Corbisier de Meaultsart C, Keogh L, Sands S, Blackwell C, et al., 'The Gomeroi Gaaynggal Cohort: A Preliminary Study of the Maternal Determinants of Pregnancy Outcomes in Indigenous Australian Women', Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health, 3 (2015) [C1]
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Nova |
2015 |
Pringle KG, Rae K, Weatherall L, Hall S, Burns C, Smith R, et al., 'Effects of maternal inflammation and exposure to cigarette smoke on birth weight and delivery of preterm babies in a cohort of Indigenous Australian women', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), neonatal deaths, and deaths from infection are higher among Indigenous Australians. This study aimed to determine the effects of inflammatory ... [more]
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), neonatal deaths, and deaths from infection are higher among Indigenous Australians. This study aimed to determine the effects of inflammatory responses and exposure to cigarette smoke, two important factors associated with sudden death in infancy, on preterm birth, and birth weight in a cohort of Indigenous mothers. Indigenous Australian women (n = 131) were recruited as part of a longitudinal study while attending antenatal care clinics during pregnancy; blood samples were collected up to three times in pregnancy. Serum cotinine, indicating exposure to cigarette smoke, was detected in 50.4% of mothers. Compared with non-Indigenous women, the cohort had 10 times the prevalence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (33 vs. 3%). Levels of immunoglobulin G, antibodies to H. pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were all inversely correlated with gestational age (P < 0.05). CRP levels were positively associated with maternal body mass index (BMI; ¿ = 0.449, P = 0.001). The effects of cigarette smoke (cotinine) and inflammation (CRP) were assessed in relation to risk factors for SIDS: gestational age at delivery and birth weight. Serum cotinine levels were negatively associated with birth weight (¿ = -0.37, P < 0.001), this correlation held true for both male (¿ = -0.39, P = 0.002) and female (¿ = -0.30, P = 0.017) infants. Cotinine was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery (¿ = -0.199, P = 0.023). When assessed by fetal sex, this was significant only for males (¿ = -0.327, P = 0.011). CRP was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery for female infants (¿ = -0.46, P < 0.001). In contrast, maternal BMI was significantly correlated with birth weight. These data highlight the importance of putting programs in place to reduce cigarette smoke exposure in pregnancy and to treat women with chronic infections such as H. pylori to improve pregnancy outcomes and decrease risk factors for sudden death in infancy.
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Nova |
2015 |
Blumfield ML, Nowson C, Hure AJ, Smith R, Simpson SJ, Raubenheimer D, et al., 'Lower protein-to-carbohydrate ratio in maternal diet is associated with higher childhood systolic blood pressure up to age four years', Nutrients, 7 3078-3093 (2015) [C1]
The prenatal environment can influence development of offspring blood pressure (BP), which tracks into adulthood. This prospective longitudinal study investigated whether maternal... [more]
The prenatal environment can influence development of offspring blood pressure (BP), which tracks into adulthood. This prospective longitudinal study investigated whether maternal pregnancy dietary intake is associated with the development of child BP up to age four years. Data are from 129 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Women and Their Children¿s Health study. Maternal diet was assessed using a validated 74-item food frequency questionnaire at 18 to 24 weeks and 36 to 40 weeks, with a reference period of the previous three months. Child systolic and diastolic BP were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months, using an automated BP monitor. Using mixed-model regression analyses adjusted for childhood growth indices, pregnancy intakes of percentage of energy (E%) polyunsaturated fat (ß coefficient 0.73; 95% CI 0.003, 1.45; p = 0.045), E% omega-6 fatty acids (ß coefficient 0.89; 95% CI 0.09, 1.69; p = 0.03) and protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio (ß coefficient -14.14; 95% CI -27.68, -0.60; p = 0.04) were associated with child systolic BP trajectory up to 4 years. Child systolic BP was greatest at low proportions of dietary protein (<16% of energy) and high carbohydrate (>40% of energy) intakes. There may be an ideal maternal macronutrient ratio associated with optimal infant BP. Maternal diet, which is potentially modifiable, may play an important role in influencing offspring risk of future hypertension.
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Nova |
2015 |
Spencer L, Rollo M, Hauck Y, MacDonald-Wicks L, Wood L, Hutchesson M, et al., 'The effect of weight management interventions that include a diet component on weight-related outcomes in pregnant and postpartum women: a systematic review protocol.', JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep, 13 88-98 (2015)
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2015 |
Martin J, MacDonald-Wicks L, Hure A, Smith R, Collins CE, Collins CE, 'Reducing postpartum weight retention and improving breastfeeding outcomes in overweight women: A pilot randomised controlled trial', Nutrients, 7 1465-1479 (2015) [C1]
Overweight and obesity is prevalent among women of reproductive age (42% BMI > 25 kg/m2) and parity is associated with risk of weight gain. Weight gain greater than that recomm... [more]
Overweight and obesity is prevalent among women of reproductive age (42% BMI > 25 kg/m2) and parity is associated with risk of weight gain. Weight gain greater than that recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM)is also associated with lower rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration in women. The aim of this pilot randomised controlled trial is to examine the feasibility of recruiting and maintaining a cohort of pregnant women with the view of reducing postpartum weight retention and improving breastfeeding outcomes. Women (BMI of 25¿35 kg/m2 (n = 36)) were recruited from the John Hunter Hospital antenatal clinic in New South Wales, Australia. Participants were stratified by BMI and randomised to one of three groups with follow-up to six months postpartum. Women received a dietary intervention with or without breastfeeding support from a lactation consultant, or were assigned to a wait-list control group where the dietary intervention was issued at three months postpartum. Feasibility and acceptability was assessed by participation rates and questionnaire. Analysis of variance and covariance was conducted to determine any differences between groups. Sixty-nine per cent of the participants were still enrolled at six months postpartum. This pilot demonstrated some difficulties in recruiting women from antenatal clinics and retaining them in the trial. Although underpowered; the results on weight; biomarkers and breastfeeding outcomes indicated improved metabolic health.
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2015 |
Burns C, Hall ST, Smith R, Blackwell C, 'Cytokine levels in late pregnancy: Are female infants better protected against inflammation?', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we exa... [more]
Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we examined matched samples of term maternal blood, cord blood, and amniotic fluid obtained from 24 elective cesarean deliveries for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines thought to be important in maintaining a balanced response leading to successful pregnancy outcome. These included interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-¿ (IFN-¿), IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Amniotic fluid levels for each of the cytokines examined were significantly higher than those for cord blood or maternal plasma. While pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in amniotic fluid associated with male fetuses compared with females, the major significant difference was higher levels of IL-1ra in amniotic fluid associated with female fetuses. Our study supports similar findings for cytokines during mid-trimester, which noted that amniotic fluid levels were higher than those in maternal blood. Our study suggests that maternal decidua secretes additional IL-ra in the presence of a female conceptus which improves the likelihood of a good outcome compared to pregnancies with male fetuses.
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2015 |
Tolosa JM, Parsons KS, Hansbro PM, Smith R, Wark PB, 'The placental protein syncytin-1 impairs antiviral responses and exaggerates inflammatory responses to influenza', PLoS ONE, 10 (2015) [C1]
Background Pregnancy increases susceptibility to influenza. The placenta releases an immunosuppressive endogenous retroviral protein syncytin-1.We hypothesised that exposure of pe... [more]
Background Pregnancy increases susceptibility to influenza. The placenta releases an immunosuppressive endogenous retroviral protein syncytin-1.We hypothesised that exposure of peripheral monocytes (PBMCs) to syncytin-1 would impair responses to H1N1pdm09 influenza. Methods and Findings Recombinant syncytin-1 was produced. PBMCs from non-pregnant women (n=10) were exposed to H1N1pdm09 in the presence and absence of syncytin-1 and compared to responses of PBMCs from pregnant women (n=12). PBMCs were characterised using flow cytometry, release of interferon (IFN)-a, IFN-¿, IFN-¿, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-1ß were measured by cytometric bead array or ELISA. Exposure of PBMCs to H1N1pdm09 resulted in the release of IFN-a, (14,787 pg/mL, 95% CI 7311-22,264 pg/mL) IFN-¿ (1486 pg/mL, 95% CI 756-2216 pg/mL) and IFN-¿ (852 pg/mL, 95% CI 193-1511 pg/mL) after 48 hours. This was significantly impaired in pregnant women (IFN-a; p<0.0001 and IFN-¿; p<0.001). Furthermore, in the presence of syncytin-1, PBMCs demonstrated marked reductions in IFN-a and IFN-¿, while enhanced release of IL-10 as well as IL-6 and IL-1ß. Conclusions Our data indicates that a placental derived protein, syncytin-1 may be responsible for the heightened vulnerability of pregnant women to influenza.
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Nova |
2015 |
Mah BL, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH, Smith R, 'Oxytocin promotes protective behavior in depressed mothers: A pilot study with the enthusiastic stranger paradigm', Depression and Anxiety, 32 76-81 (2015) [C1]
Background Successful parenting requires maternal behaviors that promote infant survival such as protection from predators. In animal studies, oxytocin (OT) has been linked to mat... [more]
Background Successful parenting requires maternal behaviors that promote infant survival such as protection from predators. In animal studies, oxytocin (OT) has been linked to maternal aggression to protect offspring. No human study has explored this topic. Mothers with a diagnosis of postnatal depression (PND) are at higher risk of neglecting their infants. We hypothesized that intranasal OT administration would increase the protective behaviors of mothers with PND, toward their infants. Methods Sixteen mothers with a diagnosis of PND participated in a double-blind, randomized-controlled, within-subject pilot study. Participants received intranasal OT during one visit and placebo spray on the alternate visit. Maternal protective behavior toward their infant was measured, in the presence of a socially intrusive stranger. Results The enthusiastic stranger paradigm stimulated participants' protective responses in the presence of an intrusive stranger. Furthermore, this protective response of mothers with a diagnosis of PND was increased in the OT condition. Conclusions The study introduces a new paradigm, the enthusiastic stranger paradigm, which may be used to examine a neglected type of parental behavior, that is, protection of offspring. The protective response of mothers with PND increased, in line with the 'tend and defend' effects of OT in animal models. In future work it should be tested whether this protection effect can also be found in nonclinical samples, or whether it is specific for clinically depressed mothers.
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Nova |
2015 |
Smith R, Imtiaz M, Banney D, Paul JW, Young RC, 'Why the heart is like an orchestra and the uterus is like a soccer crowd', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 213 181-185 (2015) [C1]
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2015 |
Banney D, Young R, Paul JW, Imtiaz M, Smith R, 'A hypothesis for self-organization and symmetry reduction in the synchronization of organ-level contractions in the human uterus during labor', Symmetry, 7 1981-1988 (2015) [C1]
We present a hypothesis for a mechanism involving self-organization of small functional units that leads to organ-level synchronization of uterine contractions in human labor. Thi... [more]
We present a hypothesis for a mechanism involving self-organization of small functional units that leads to organ-level synchronization of uterine contractions in human labor. This view is in contrast to the long-held presumption that the synchronized behavior of the uterus is subject to well-defined internal organization (as is found in the heart) that exists prior to the onset of labor. The contractile units of the uterus are myocytes, which contract in response to both mechanical stretch and electrical stimulation. Throughout pregnancy progesterone maintains quiescence by suppression of "contraction-associated proteins" (CAPs). At the end of pregnancy a functional withdrawal of progesterone and an increasingly estrogenic environment leads to an increase in the production of CAPs. One CAP of particular importance is connexin 43, which creates gap junctions between the myocytes that cause them to become electrically coupled. The electrical connectivity between myocytes, combined with an increase in intrauterine pressure at the end of pregnancy shifts the uterus towards an increasingly unstable critical point, characterized by irregular, uncoordinated contractions. We propose that synchronous, coordinated contractions emerge from this critical point through a process of self-organization, and that the search for a uterine pacemaker has been unfruitful for the sole reason that it is non-existent.
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Nova |
2014 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Lumbers ER, Rudd D, 'Nephrin - a biomarker of early glomerular injury.', Biomarker Research, 2 1-8 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2014 |
Parkington HC, Stevenson J, Tonta MA, Paul J, Butler T, Maiti K, et al., 'Diminished hERG K
Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels determine cardiac action potential and contraction duration. Human uterine contractions are underpinned by an action pot... [more]
Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels determine cardiac action potential and contraction duration. Human uterine contractions are underpinned by an action potential that also possesses an initial spike followed by prolonged depolarization. Here we show that hERG channel proteins (a-conducting and ßinhibitory subunits) and hERG currents exist in isolated patch-clamped human myometrial cells. We show that hERG channel activity suppresses contraction amplitude and duration before labour, thereby facilitating quiescence. During established labour, expression of ß-inhibitory protein is markedly enhanced, resulting in reduced hERG activity that is associated with an increased duration of uterine action potentials and contractions. Thus, changes in hERG channel activity contribute to electrophysiological mechanisms that produce contractions during labour. We also demonstrate that this system fails in women with elevated BMI, who have enhanced hERG activity as a result of low ß-inhibitory protein expression, which likely contributes to the weak contractions and poor labour outcomes observed in many obese women necessitating caesarean delivery. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.
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Nova |
2014 |
Tong W-C, Tribe RM, Smith R, Taggart MJ, 'Computational Modeling Reveals Key Contributions of KCNQ and hERG Currents to the Malleability of Uterine Action Potentials Underpinning Labor', PLoS ONE, 9 e114034-e114034 [C1]
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Nova |
2014 |
Rae KM, Weatherall L, Blackwell CC, Pringle K, Smith R, Lumbers E, 'Long conversations: Gomeroi gaaynggal tackles renal disease in the Indigenous community', Australasian Epidemiologist, 21 44-48 (2014) [C2]
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Nova |
2014 |
Chai SY, Smith R, Fitter JT, Mitchell C, Pan X, Ilicic M, et al., 'Increased progesterone receptor a expression in labouring human myometrium is associated with decreased promoter occupancy by the histone demethylase JARID1A', Molecular Human Reproduction, 20 442-453 (2014) [C1]
Progesterone regulates female reproductive function predominantly through two nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs), PR-A and PR-B. During human parturition myometrial PR expressio... [more]
Progesterone regulates female reproductive function predominantly through two nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs), PR-A and PR-B. During human parturition myometrial PR expression is altered to favour PR-A, which activates pro-labour genes. We have previously identified histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) as an activator of myometrial PR-A expression at labour. To further elucidate the mechanisms regulating PR isoform expression in the human uterus at labour, we have (i) determined the methylation profile of the cytosine-guanine dinucleotides (CpG) island in the promoter region of the PR gene and (ii) identified the histone-modifying enzymes that target the H3K4me3 mark at the PR promoters in term and preterm human myometrial tissues obtained before and after labour onset. Bisulphite sequencing showed that despite overall low levels of PR CpG island methylation, there was a significant decrease in methylated CpGs with labour in both preterm (P < 0.05) and term (P < 0.01) groups downstream of the PR-B transcription start site. This methylation change was not associated with altered PR-B expression, but may contribute to the increase in PR-A expression with labour. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that the histone methyltransferase, SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), bound to the PR gene at significantly higher levels at the PR-A promoter compared with the PR-B promoter (P < 0.010), with no labour-associated changes observed. The H3K4 demethylase, Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1A (JARID1A), also bound to the PR-A, but not to the PR-B promoter prior to term labour, and decreased significantly at the onset of labour (P = 0.014), providing a mechanism for the previously reported increase in H3K4me3 level and PR-A expression with labour. Our studies suggest that epigenetic changes mediated by JARID1A, SMYD3 and DNA methylation may be responsible, at least in part, for the functional progesterone withdrawal that precipitates human labour. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology. All rights reserved.
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Nova |
2014 |
Smith CJA, Bensing S, Maltby VE, Zhang M, Scott RJ, Smith R, et al., 'Intermediate lobe immunoreactivity in a patient with suspected lymphocytic hypophysitis', Pituitary, 17 22-29 (2014) [C1]
Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterised by destruction of pituitary hormone-secreting cells due to attack by self-reactive T lymphocytes. Th... [more]
Lymphocytic hypophysitis is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterised by destruction of pituitary hormone-secreting cells due to attack by self-reactive T lymphocytes. The spectrum of pituitary autoantibodies characterised by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) in these patients has not been substantially defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the spectrum of pituitary autoantibodies in 16 lymphocytic hypophysitis patients. Pituitary sections were prepared from guinea pigs and sera from 16 lymphocytic hypophysitis patients (13 biopsy proven and 3 suspected cases) and 13 healthy controls were evaluated for immunoreactivity to the pituitary tissue by immunofluorescence. A single patient was found to have high titre pituitary autoantibodies against guinea pig pituitary tissue. Immunoreactivity was directed against cells of the intermediate lobe. We present the case report of the patient who is a 24 year old woman that presented with headaches, polyuria and polydipsia. A uniformly enlarged pituitary mass was visible on MRI and a diagnosis of suspected lymphocytic hypophysitis was made. Based on our IF study, we postulate this patient has an autoimmune process directed towards the major cell type in the intermediate lobe, the melanotroph. Pre-adsorption with peptides representing adrenocorticotropic hormone, a-melanocyte stimulating hormone or ß-endorphin did not affect the IF signal suggesting our patient's pituitary autoantibodies may target some other product of Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) processing, such as corticotrophin-like intermediate peptide or ¿-lipoprotein. Alternatively, the autoantibodies may target a peptide completely unrelated to POMC processing. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.
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2014 |
Martin JE, Hure AJ, Macdonald-Wicks L, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Predictors of post-partum weight retention in a prospective longitudinal study', Maternal and Child Nutrition, 10 496-509 (2014) [C1]
Post-partum weight retention (WR) occurs in 60-80% of women with some retaining =10kg with contributing factors reported as pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight... [more]
Post-partum weight retention (WR) occurs in 60-80% of women with some retaining =10kg with contributing factors reported as pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain (GWG) and breastfeeding. A longitudinal study of pregnancy, with 12-month post-partum follow-up was conducted to determine factors associated with WR. Pregnant women (n=152) were recruited from the John Hunter Hospital antenatal clinic in New South Wales, Australia. Pre-pregnancy weight was self-reported; weight was measured four times during pregnancy (for GWG) and in the first 12 months post-partum. Infant feeding data were obtained via questionnaires. Breastfeeding was categorised as exclusive, predominant, complementary or not breastfeeding. Linear mixed models tested the predictors of WR, with and without adjustment for potential confounders. Compared with pre-pregnancy weight, 68% of women retained weight at 12 months, median (interquartile range) [4.5kg (2.1-8.9)]. After adjustment, GWG was positively associated with WR (P<0.01), but pre-pregnancy weight did not predict WR. For each additional week of any breastfeeding, 0.04kg less weight was retained. Compared with women who retained weight, those women who did retain had higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding at three months (P<0.05), but the number of weeks of exclusive breastfeeding failed to predict WR for all women. WR following childbirth is common and associated with GWG, while the number of weeks of 'any' breastfeeding contributed to post-partum weight loss. Whether these factors are modifiable strategies to optimise the weight status of women at this life stage requires further research.
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Nova |
2014 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IMR, Lumbers ER, 'Reduced nephron endowment in the neonates of Indigenous Australian peoples', JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE, 5 31-35 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Smith R, Zakar T, Madsen G, 'Mammalian Labor: Variations on a Theme by Amniota', ENDOCRINOLOGY, 154 584-588 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, Macdonald-Wicks L, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Micronutrient intakes during pregnancy in developed countries: systematic review and meta-analysis', NUTRITION REVIEWS, 71 118-132 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Smith R, Maiti K, Aitken RJ, 'Unexplained antepartum stillbirth: A consequence of placental aging?', PLACENTA, 34 310-313 (2013) [C3]
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Nova |
2013 |
Mah BL, Van IJzendoorn MH, Smith R, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, 'Oxytocin in postnatally depressed mothers: Its influence on mood and expressed emotion', Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 40 267-272 (2013) [C1]
Background: Postnatal depression is common and negatively affects the mother-baby relationship; oxytocin has been found to have positive effects on parenting behavior. We hypothes... [more]
Background: Postnatal depression is common and negatively affects the mother-baby relationship; oxytocin has been found to have positive effects on parenting behavior. We hypothesize that intranasal administration of oxytocin to mothers with depression will influence their parenting related expressed emotion, creating a better basis for sensitive parenting. Methods: Twenty-five postnatally depressed mothers with infants less than one year participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled within-subject clinical study in 2011. Mothers attended an out-patient perinatal psychiatry setting in NSW, Australia. They received 24. IU of oxytocin alternating with placebo approximately one week apart in random order, prior to completing outcome measures. The outcome measures were the Five Minute Speech Sample, the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. Results: In the oxytocin condition mothers were sadder (p= .01), and they more often initially described their babies as difficult (p= .038), but they reported that the quality of their relationship with their infant was more positive (p= .036). Limitations: Despite an adequate sample size to answer our central hypothesis, a larger sample may have elucidated a moderating effect of childhood trauma. Conclusion: Oxytocin did not make depressed mothers happier but their perception of the relationship with their baby improved. Treatment with intranasal oxytocin might show some unwanted side-effects in depressed individuals. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
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2013 |
Butler T, Paul J, Europe-Finner N, Smith R, Chan E-C, 'Role of serine-threonine phosphoprotein phosphatases in smooth muscle contractility', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-CELL PHYSIOLOGY, 304 C485-C504 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IMR, 'Relationship between the Retinal Microvasculature and Renal Volume in Low-Birth-Weight Babies', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PERINATOLOGY, 30 477-481 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IMR, Lumbers ER, 'Extra-uterine renal growth in preterm infants: Oligonephropathy and prematurity', PEDIATRIC NEPHROLOGY, 28 1791-1796 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright I, Hartley L, 'Use of digital retinal imaging in screening for retinopathy of prematurity', JOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, 49 E1-E5 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IMR, Lumbers ER, 'Relationships between glomerular filtration rate and kidney volume in low-birth-weight neonates', JOURNAL OF NEPHROLOGY, 26 894-898 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Rae K, Weatherall L, Hollebone K, Apen K, McLean M, Blackwell C, et al., 'Developing research in partnership with Aboriginal communities - strategies for improving recruitment and retention', RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH, 13 (2013) [C2]
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Nova |
2013 |
Chen Y, Allars M, Pan X, Maiti K, Angeli G, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Effects of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) on cell viability and differentiation in the human BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line: a potential syncytialisation inducer distinct from cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)', REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY, 11 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IMR, 'Measuring Cystatin C to Determine Renal Function in Neonates', PEDIATRIC CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE, 14 318-322 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Torricelli M, Voltolini C, Vellucci FL, Conti N, Bocchi C, Severi FM, et al., 'Fetal gender effects on induction of labor in postdate pregnancies', Reproductive Sciences, 20 670-674 (2013) [C1]
Objective: To determine delivery outcome in women undergoing induction of labor for postdate pregnancy in relation to fetal gender. Study Design: A total of 365 nulliparous and 12... [more]
Objective: To determine delivery outcome in women undergoing induction of labor for postdate pregnancy in relation to fetal gender. Study Design: A total of 365 nulliparous and 127 multiparous women carrying singleton postdate pregnancies with unfavorable cervix were enrolled. Clinical characteristics and delivery outcome were analyzed in relation to fetal gender. Results: Women carrying male fetuses showed higher rate of caesarean section than those carrying females, in both nulliparous and multiparous women. Moreover, women carrying male fetuses presented more frequently with (i) interval between induction of labor and delivery >24 hours (P < .0002); (ii) augmentation of labor after cervical ripening (P < .0391); (iii) meconium-stained liquor (P< .0126); and (iv) higher neonatal weight (P < .0011) than those carrying females. Conclusion: Male fetuses are more likely to be associated with higher rates of cesarean section. In maternal fetal medicine, gender differences may add prognostic information on the delivery outcome in women induced for postdate pregnancy. © The Author(s) 2013.
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Nova |
2012 |
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Smith R, Simpson SJ, Giles WB, et al., 'Dietary balance during pregnancy is associated with fetal adiposity and fat distribution', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96 1032-1041 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, Hartley L, 'Optic disc measurements in full term infants', British Journal of Ophthalmology, 96 662-664 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Wynne OL, Horvat JC, Smith R, Hansbro PM, Clifton VL, Hodgson DM, 'Effect of neonatal respiratory infection on adult BALB/c hippocampal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors', Developmental Psychobiology, 54 568-575 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Smith R, Maiti K, 'The placenta, a transducer linking maternal nutrition to adult disease in the offspring?', Endocrinology, 153 1572-1574 (2012) [C3]
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Nova |
2012 |
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Systematic review and meta-analysis of energy and macronutrient intakes during pregnancy in developed countries', Nutrition Reviews, 70 322-336 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Tolosa Gonzalez JM, Schjenken JE, Clifton VL, Vargas A, Barbeau B, Lowry P, et al., 'The endogenous retroviral envelope protein syncytin-1 inhibits LPS/PHA-stimulated cytokine responses in human blood and is sorted into placental exosomes', Placenta, 33 933-941 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, 'Retinal microvascular changes in low-birth-weight babies have a link to future health', Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 40 209-214 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, 'Oligonephropathy of prematurity', American Journal of Perinatology, 29 115-120 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, Hartley L, 'Relationship between birth weight and retinal microvasculature in newborn infants', Journal of Perinatology, 32 443-447 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Hure AJ, Collins CE, Giles WB, Wright IM, Smith R, 'Protocol for the Women and Their Children's Health (WATCH) Study: A cohort of pregnancy and beyond', Journal of Epidemiology, 22 267-275 (2012) [C3]
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Nova |
2012 |
Smith R, Paul JW, Maiti K, Tolosa Gonzalez JM, Madsen GM, 'Recent advances in understanding the endocrinology of human birth', Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 23 516-523 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Hure AJ, Collins CE, Smith R, 'A longitudinal study of maternal folate and vitamin B12 status in pregnancy and postpartum, with the same infant markers at 6 months of age', Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16 792-801 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Hure AJ, Collins CE, Giles WB, Paul JW, Smith R, 'Greater maternal weight gain during pregnancy predicts a large but lean fetal phenotype: A prospective cohort study', Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16 1374-1384 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Abou-Seif C, Shipman KL, Allars MJ, Norris MH, Chen Y, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Tissue specific epigenetic differences in CRH gene expression', Frontiers in Bioscience, 17 713-725 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Chai S, Smith R, Zakar T, Mitchell CM, Madsen GM, 'Term myometrium is characterized by increased activating epigenetic modifications at the progesterone receptor-A promoter', Molecular Human Reproduction, 18 401-409 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Wadhwa PD, Simhan HN, Entringer S, Buss C, Smith R, Hobel CJ, et al., 'Variation in the maternal corticotrophin releasing hormone-binding protein (CRH-BP) gene and birth weight in Blacks, Hispanics and Whites', PLOS One, 7 1-10 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Galal M, Symonds IM, Murray H, Petraglia F, Smith R, 'Postterm pregnancy', Facts, Views & Visions in OBGYN, 4 175-187 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2012 |
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Smith R, Simpson S, Raubenheimer D, Collins CE, 'The association between the macronutrient content of maternal diet and the adequacy of micronutrients during pregnancy in the Women and Their Children's Health (WATCH) Study', Nutrients, 4 1958-1976 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Blumfield ML, Hure AJ, MacDonald-Wicks LK, Patterson AJ, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Disparities exist between National Food Group Recommendations and the dietary intakes of women', BMC Women's Health, 11 37 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Paul JW, Maiti K, Read MA, Hure AJ, Smith JI, Chan EC, Smith R, 'Phasic phosphorylation of caldesmon and ERK 1/2 during contractions in human myometrium', PLoS ONE, 6 1-7 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Torricelli M, Novembri R, Voltolini C, Conti N, Biliotti G, Piccolini E, et al., 'Biochemical and biophysical predictors of the response to the induction of labor in nulliparous postterm pregnancy', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 204 39.e1-39.e6 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Maiti K, Paul JW, Read MA, Chan EC, Riley SC, Nahar P, Smith R, 'G-1-activated membrane estrogen receptors mediate increased contractility of the human myometrium', Endocrinology, 152 2448-2455 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, 'Retinal microvasculature measurements in full-term newborn infants', Microvascular Research, 82 381-384 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Scott NM, Hodyl NA, Osei-Kumah A, Stark MJ, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'The presence of maternal asthma during pregnancy suppresses the placental pro-inflammatory response to an immune challenge in vitro', Placenta, 32 454-461 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Osei-Kumah A, Smith R, Jurisica I, Caniggia I, Clifton VL, 'Sex-specific differences in placental global gene expression in pregnancies complicated by asthma', Placenta, 32 570-578 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Wynne OL, Horvat JC, Kim RY, Ong LK, Smith R, Hansbro PM, et al., 'Neonatal respiratory infection and adult re-infection: Effect on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus in BALB/c mice', Brain Behavior and Immunity, 25 1214-1222 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Wynne OL, Horvat JC, Osei-Kumah A, Smith R, Hansbro PM, Clifton VL, Hodgson DM, 'Early life infection alters adult BALB/c hippocampal gene expression in a sex specific manner', Stress-the International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 14 247-261 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Rae KM, Weatherall LJ, Naden ML, Slater PE, Smith R, 'Gomeroi Gaaynggal - Moving forward', Aboriginal and Islander Health Worker Journal, 35 28-29 (2011) [C3] |
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2011 |
Kandasamy Y, Smith R, Wright IM, Hartley L, 'Pain relief for premature infants during ophthalmology assessment', Journal of AAPOS, 15 276-280 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2011 |
Chen Y, Allars MJ, Maiti K, Angeli GL, Abou-Seif C, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Factors affecting cytotrophoblast cell viability and differentiation: Evidence of a link between syncytialisation and apoptosis', International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 43 821-828 (2011) [C1]
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Nova |
2010 |
Sokolowski P, Saison F, Giles W, McGrath SA, Smith D, Smith JI, Smith R, 'Human uterine wall tension trajectories and the onset of parturition', Plos One, 5 1-10 (2010) [C1]
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Nova |
2010 |
Equils O, Nambiar P, Hobel CJ, Smith R, Simmons CF, Vali S, 'A computer simulation of progesterone and Cox2 inhibitor treatment for preterm labor', Plos One, 5 e8502 (2010) [C1]
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Nova |
2010 |
Hodyl NA, Wyper HJ, Osei-Kumah A, Scott NM, Murphy VE, Gibson PG, et al., 'Sex-specific associations between cortisol and birth weight in pregnancies complicated by asthma are not due to differential glucocorticoid receptor expression', Thorax, 65 677-683 (2010) [C1]
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Nova |
2010 |
Osei-Kumah A, Wark PA, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Asthma during pregnancy alters immune cell profile and airway epithelial chemokine release', Inflammation Research, 59 349-358 (2010) [C1]
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Nova |
2010 |
Clifton VL, Hodyl NA, Murphy VE, Giles WB, Baxter RC, Smith R, 'Effect of maternal asthma, inhaled glucocorticoids and cigarette use during pregnancy on the newborn insulin-like growth factor axis', Growth Hormone and IGF Research, 20 39-48 (2010) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Fuery PJ, Smith R, Rae KM, Burgess R, Fuery KL, 'Morality, duty, and the arts in health: A project on Aboriginal underage pregnancy', Arts & Health: An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice, 1 36-47 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Macintyre DA, Smith R, Yeo G, Kwek K, Bisits AM, Chan EC, 'Spontaneous and induced labour are associated with different myometrial proteomes in the human', Proteomics Clinical Applications, 3 288-298 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Merlino A, Welsh T, Erdonmez T, Madsen GM, Zakar T, Smith R, et al., 'Nuclear progesterone receptor expression in the human fetal membranes and decidua at term before and after labor', Reproductive Sciences, 16 357-363 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Clifton VL, Engel PJ, Smith R, Gibson PG, Brinsmead MW, Giles WB, 'Maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by asthma in an Australian population', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 49 619-626 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Carlin A, Norman J, Cole S, Smith R, 'Tocolytics and preterm labour.', BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 338 (2009) |
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2009 |
Tyson EK, Smith R, Read MA, 'Evidence that corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates myometrial contractility during human pregnancy', Endocrinology, 150 5617-5625 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Smith R, Smith JI, Shen XB, Engel PJ, Bowman M, McGrath SA, et al., 'Patterns of plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone, progesterone, estradiol, and estriol change and the onset of human labor', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94 2066-2074 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Scott NM, Hodyl NA, Murphy VE, Osei-Kumah A, Wyper H, Hodgson DM, et al., 'Placental cytokine expression covaries with maternal asthma severity and fetal sex', Journal of Immunology, 182 1411-1420 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Carlin A, Norman J, Cole S, Smith R, 'Tocolytics and preterm labour: Whether to treat or not is the real dilemma, not which drug to use', British Medical Journal, 339 727-728 (2009) [C3]
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Nova |
2009 |
Rae KM, Weatherall LJ, Smith R, Mackay PJ, 'The birth of Gomeroi Gaaynggal', Aboriginal & Islander Health Worker Journal, 33 9-11 (2009) [C1] |
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Nova |
2009 |
Hure AJ, Young AF, Smith R, Collins CE, 'Diet and pregnancy status in Australian women', Public Health Nutrition, 12 853-861 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Osei-Kumah A, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Maternal and cord plasma cytokine and chemokine profile in pregnancies complicated by asthma', Cytokine, 43 187-193 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Hure AJ, Smith R, Collins CE, 'A recruiting failure turned success', BMC Health Services Research, 8 1-6 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Leong A, Norman JE, Smith R, 'Vascular and myometrial changes in the human uterus at term', Reproductive Sciences, 15 59-65 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Uh A, Nicholson RC, Gonzalez GV, Simmons CF, Gombart A, Smith R, Equils O, 'Lipopolysaccharide stimulation of trophoblasts induces corticotropin-releasing hormone expression through MyD88', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 199 317.e1-317.e6 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Engel PJ, Smith R, Brinsmead MW, Bowe SJ, Clifton VL, 'Male sex and pre-existing diabetes are independent risk factors for stillbirth', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 48 375-383 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Macintyre DA, Tyson EK, Read MA, Smith R, Yeo G, Kwek K, Chan EC, 'Contraction in human myometrium is associated with changes in small heat shock proteins', Endocrinology, 149 245-252 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Tyson EK, Macintyre DA, Smith R, Chan EC, Read MA, 'Evidence that a protein kinase A substrate, small heat-shock protein 20, modulates myometrial relaxation in human pregnancy', Endocrinology, 149 6157-6165 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Johnson RF, Rennie N, Murphy VE, Zakar T, Clifton VL, Smith R, 'Expression of glucocorticoid receptor messenger ribonucleic acid transcripts in the human placenta at term', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93 4887-4893 (2008) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Lau SL, McGrath S, Evain-Brion D, Smith R, 'Clinical and biochemical improvement in acromegaly during pregnancy', JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION, 31 255-261 (2008) [C1]
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2007 |
Tolosa Gonzalez JM, Schjenken JE, Civiti TD, Clifton VL, Smith R, 'Column-based method to simultaneously extract DNA, RNA, and proteins from the same sample', Biotechniques, 43 799-804 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Macintyre DA, Chan EC, Smith R, 'Myometrial activation: Coordination, connectivity and contractility', Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review, 18 333-356 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Corticotrophin releasing hormone and the timing of birth', Frontiers in Bioscience, 12 912-918 (2007) [C1]
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Nova |
2007 |
Madsen GM, Macintyre DA, Mesiano S, Smith R, 'Progesterone receptor or cytoskeletal protein?', Reproductive Sciences, 14 217-222 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Macintyre DA, Smith R, Chan EC, 'Differential enrichment of high- and low-molecular weight proteins and concurrent RNA extraction (vol 359, pg 274, 2006)', Analytical Biochemistry, 364 95 (2007) [C3]
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2007 |
Smith R, Van Helden DF, Hirst JJ, Zakar T, Read MA, Chan EC, et al., 'Pathological interactions with the timing of birth and uterine activation', Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 47 430-437 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Smith R, 'Parturition', New England Journal of Medicine, 356 271-283 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Murphy VE, Fittock RJ, Zarzycki PK, Delahunty MM, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Metabolism of synthetic steroids by the human placenta', Placenta, 28 39-46 (2007) [C1]
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2006 |
Osei-Kumah A, Ammit AJ, Smith R, Ge Q, Clifton VL, 'Inflammatory mediator release in normal bronchial smooth muscle cells is altered by pregnant maternal and fetal plasma independent of asthma', Placenta, 27 847-852 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Murphy VE, Smith R, Giles WB, Clifton VL, 'Endocrine regulation of human fetal growth: The role of the mother, placenta, and fetus', Endocrine Reviews, 27 141-169 (2006) [C1]
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Nova |
2006 |
Gill AW, Madsen GM, Knox M, Bisits AM, Giles WB, Tudehope D, et al., 'Neonatal neurodevelopmental outcomes following tocolysis with glycerol trinitrate patches', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 195 484-487 (2006) [C1]
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Nova |
2006 |
Power ML, Bowman M, Smith R, Ziegler TE, Layne DG, Schulkin J, Tardif SD, 'Pattern of maternal serum corticotropin-releasing hormone concentration during pregnancy in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)', American Journal of Primatology, 68 181-188 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Shipman KL, Robinson PJ, King BR, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Identification of a family of DNA-binding proteins with homology to RNA splicing factors', Biochemistry and Cell Biology-Biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire, 84 9-19 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Murphy VE, Johnson RF, Wang YC, Akinsanya K, Gibson PG, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Proteomic study of plasma proteins in pregnant women with asthma', Respirology, 11 41-48 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Zarzycki PK, Kulhanek KM, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Determination of steroids in human plasma using temperature-dependent inclusion chromatography for metabolomic investigations', Journal of Chromatography A, 1104 203-208 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Macintyre DA, Smith R, Chan EC, 'Differential enrichment of high- and low-molecular weight proteins and concurrent RNA extraction', Analytical Biochemistry, 359 274-276 (2006) [C1]
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Nova |
2005 |
Murphy VE, Gibson PG, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'Asthma during pregnancy: mechanisms and treatment implications', European Respiratory Journal, 25 731-750 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Clifton VL, Crompton R, Read MA, Gibson PG, Smith R, Wright IM, 'Microvascular Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Human Skin Vary in Relation to Estrogen Concentration During the Menstrual Cycle', Journal of Endocrinology, 186 69-76 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Murphy VE, Johnson RF, Wang Y-C, Akinsanya K, Gibson PG, Smith R, Clifton VL, 'The Effect of Maternal Asthma on Placental and Cord Blood Protein Profiles', Society for Gynecological Investigation Journal, 12 349-355 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Zarzycki P, Kulhanek K, Smith R, Bartozsuk M, Lamparczyk H, 'Planar Chromatography shows potential to kick its column counterpart out of the limelight', LC GC North America:, 23 2-7 (2005) [C3] |
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2005 |
Zarzycki PK, Kulhanek KM, Smith R, Bartoszuk MA, Lamparczyk H, 'Planar chromatography versus column chromatography: A performance comparison', Lc Gc North America, 23 286-300 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Bisits AM, Smith R, Mesiano S, Yeo GS, Kwek K, Macintyre DA, Chan EC, 'Inflammatory Aetiology of Human Myometrial Activation Tested Using Directed Graphs', PLoS Computational Biology, 1 0132-136 (2005) [C1]
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Nova |
2004 |
Madsen GM, Zakar T, Ku CY, Sanborn B, Smith R, Mesiano S, 'Prostaglandins Differentially Modulate Progesterone Receptor-A and -B Expression in Human Myometrial Cells: Evidence for Prostaglandin-Induced Functional Progesterone Withdrawal', Endocrinology and Metabolism, 89 1010-1013 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Ni X, Hou Y, King BR, Tang X, Read MA, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Estrogen Receptor-Mediated Down-Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression Is Dependant on a Cyclic Adenosine 3', 5'-Monophosphate Syncytiotrophoblast Cells', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89 2312-2318 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Walker FR, Brogan AE, Smith R, Hodgson DM, 'A profile of the immediate endocrine, metabolic and behavioural responses following a dual exposure to endotoxin in early life', Physiology & Behavior, 83 495-504 (2004) [C1]
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Nova |
2004 |
Bisits AM, Madsen GM, Knox M, Gill AW, Smith R, Yeo GS, et al., 'The Randomized Nitric Oxide Tocolysis Trial (RNOTT) for the treatment of preterm labor', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191 683-690 (2004) [C1]
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Nova |
2004 |
Madsen GM, Zakar T, Manuelpillai U, Wallace E, Kwek K, Yeo GS, et al., 'Intracrine Control of Estrogen Action in Human Gestational Tissues at Parturition', Society for Gynecologic Investigation. Journal, 11 213-219 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Nicholson RC, King BR, Smith R, 'Complex Regulatory Interactions Control CRH Gene Expression', Frontiers in Bioscience, 9 32-39 (2004) [C1]
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Nova |
2004 |
Ni X, Hou Y, Yang R, Tang X, Smith R, Nicholson R, 'Progesterone Receptors A and B differentially modulate corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression in placental cells through a cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate regulatory element', Cellular And Molecular Life Sciences, 61 1114-1122 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Cole S, Smith R, Giles WB, 'Tocolysis: Current controversies, future directions', Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 5 (2004) [C1]
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2003 |
Crompton R, Clifton VL, Bisits AM, Read MA, Smith R, Wright IM, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone causes vasodilation in human skin via mast cell-dependent pathways', Journal Of Clinical Endocrinology And Metabolism, 88 5427-5432 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Murphy VE, Gibson PG, Giles WB, Zakar T, Smith R, Bisits AM, et al., 'Maternal Asthma Is Associated with Reduced Female Fetal Growth', American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 168 1317-1323 (2003) [C1]
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Nova |
2003 |
Smith R, Mesiano S, Clifton V, Chan EC, Zakar T, Nicholson R, et al., 'The pathway to human birth', Cuadernos de Medicina Reproductiva, 9 43-51 (2003)
Preterm labour remains a major obstetric problem with only poor methods for prediction of preterm birth and treatments of preterm labour with limited efficacy. Regulation of human... [more]
Preterm labour remains a major obstetric problem with only poor methods for prediction of preterm birth and treatments of preterm labour with limited efficacy. Regulation of human parturition is demonstrably different from that in most animals restricting opportunities for relevant research. Recent work suggests a placental clock mechanism regulating the length of pregnancy through the production of the placental peptide Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone. At the end of pregnancy most animals initiate labour with a fall in circulating progesterone concentrations but this does not happen in humans. In humans a functional progesterone withdrawal is initiated by a change in myometrial expression of progesterone receptors, specifically increase expression of the PRA isoforms, which is a dominant repressor of the activating receptor PRB. This new knowledge may help design better strategies for prediction and treatment of preterm labour.
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2003 |
Smith R, Mesiano S, Clifton VL, Chan EC, Zakar T, Nicholson RC, et al., 'The Pathway to Human Birth', Cuadernos de Medicina Reproductiva, 9 43-51 (2003) [C1]
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2002 |
Clifton VL, Crompton R, Smith R, Wright ML, 'Microvascular Effects of CRH in Human Skin Vary in Relation to Gender', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(1) 267-270 (2002) [C1]
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Nova |
2002 |
Murphy VE, Zakar T, Smith R, Giles WB, Gibson PG, Clifton VL, 'Reduced 11 -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 2 Activity Is Associated with Decreased Birth Weight Centile in Pregnancies Complicated by Asthma', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(4) 1660-1668 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Ni X, Nicholson RC, King B, Chan EC, Read M, Smith R, 'Estrogen Represses whereas the Estrogen-Antagonist ICI 182780 Stimulates Placental CRH Gene Expression', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87(8) 3774-3778 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Chan EC, Fraser S, Yin S, Yeo G, Kwek K, Fairclough RJ, Smith R, 'Human myometrial genes are differentially expressed in labour', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87 2435-2441 (2002) [C1]
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Nova |
2002 |
Mesiano S, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Kwek K, Yeo G, Smith R, 'Progesterone withdrawal and estrogen activation in human parturition are coordinated by progesterone receptor-A expression in the myometrium', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87 2924-2930 (2002) [C1]
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Nova |
2002 |
Clifton VL, Wallace EM, Smith R, 'Short-term effects of glucocorticoids in the human fetal-placental circulation in vitro', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87 2838-2842 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Smith R, Mesiano S, McGrath SA, 'Hormone trajectories leading to human birth', Regulatory Peptides, 108 159-164 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Holloway AC, Howe DC, Chan G, Clifton VL, Smith R, Challis JRG, 'Urocortin: A mechanism for the sustained activation of the HPA axis in the late-gestation ovine fetus?', American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283 (2002)
We hypothesized that urocortin might be produced in the pituitary of the late-gestation ovine fetus in a manner that could contribute to the regulation of ACTH output. We used in ... [more]
We hypothesized that urocortin might be produced in the pituitary of the late-gestation ovine fetus in a manner that could contribute to the regulation of ACTH output. We used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to identify urocortin mRNA and protein in late-gestation fetal pituitary tissue. Levels of urocortin mRNA rose during late gestation and were associated temporally with rising concentrations of pituitary proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Urocortin was localized both to cells expressing ACTH and to non-ACTH cells by use of dual immunofluorescence histochemistry. Transfection of pituitary cultures with urocortin antisense probe reduced ACTH output, whereas added urocortin stimulated ACTH output from cultured pituitary cells. Cortisol infusion for 96 h in chronically catheterized late-gestation fetal sheep significantly stimulated levels of pituitary urocortin mRNA. We conclude that urocortin is expressed in the ovine fetal pituitary and localizes with, and can stimulate output of, ACTH. Regulation of urocortin by cortisol suggests a mechanism to override negative feedback and sustain feed-forward of fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, leading to birth.
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2002 |
King B, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'Novel glucocorticoid and cAMP interactions on the CRH gene promoter', Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 194 19-28 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
O'Dwyer DT, Clifton VL, Hall AL, Smith R, Robinson P, Crock PA, 'Pituitary Autoantibodies in Lymphocytic Hypophysitis Target Both - and - Enolase - A Link with Pregnancy?', Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 110(1-2) 94-98 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Schwartz J, Revskoy S, Redei E, Clifton VL, Smith R, Cherny R, 'Corticotrophs and peptides', Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 110 146-153 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
McGrath SA, Smith R, 'Prediction of preterm delivery using plasma corticotrophin-releasing hormone and other biochemical variables', Annals of Medicine, 34 28-36 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Young I, Chan EC, Smith R, Chrousos GP, Veldhuis JD, Canny BJ, 'Effect of antalarmin, a novel corticotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist, on the dynamic function of the ovine fetal hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis', Neuroendocrinology, 76 47-54 (2002) [C1]
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Nova |
2002 |
Holloway AC, Howe DC, Chan G, Clifton VL, Smith R, Challis RG, 'Urocortin: A mechanism for the sustained activation of the HPA axis in the late gestation ovine fetus?', American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 283 165-171 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Zarzycki PK, Kulhanek KM, Smith R, 'Chromatographic behaviour of selected steroids and their inclusion complexes with beta-cyclodextrin on octadecylsilica stationary phases with different carbon loads', Journal of Chromatography A, 71-78 (2002) [C1]
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Nova |
2002 |
Bobrow CS, Holmes RP, Muttukrishna S, Mohan A, Groome N, Murphy DJ, Soothill PW, 'Maternal serum activin A, inhibin A, and follistatin in pregnancies with appropriately grown and small-for-gestational-age fetuses classified by umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 186 283-287 (2002)
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2002 |
Clifton VL, Crompton R, Smith R, Wright IMR, 'Microvascular Effects of CRH in Human Skin Vary in Relation to Gender', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87 267-270 (2002)
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2002 |
Chan EC, Fraser S, Yin S, Yeo G, Kwek K, Fairclough RJ, Smith R, 'Human Myometrial Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Labor: A Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Study', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87 2435-2441 (2002)
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2002 |
Clifton VL, Wallace EM, Smith R, 'Short-Term Effects of Glucocorticoids in the Human Fetal-Placental Circulation
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2002 |
Mesiano S, Chan E-C, Fitter JT, Kwek K, Yeo G, Smith R, 'Progesterone Withdrawal and Estrogen Activation in Human Parturition Are Coordinated by Progesterone Receptor A Expression in the Myometrium', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87 2924-2930 (2002)
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2002 |
Ni X, Nicholson RC, King BR, Chan E-C, Read MA, Smith R, 'Estrogen Represses whereas the Estrogen-Antagonist ICI 182780 Stimulates Placental CRH Gene Expression', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87 3774-3778 (2002)
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2002 |
McGrath SA, McLean M, Smith D, Bisits AM, Giles WB, Smith R, 'Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone trajectories vary depending on the cause of preterm delivery', American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 186 257-260 (2002) [C1]
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2001 |
Giles W, Bisits A, Knox M, Madsen G, Smith R, 'Kinetics of hydrogen production with continuous anaerobic cultures utilizing sucrose as the limiting substrate', Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 57 56-64 (2001)
In this study, local sewage sludge was acclimated to establish H2-producing enrichment cultures, which were used to convert sucrose to H2 with continuously stirred anaerobic biore... [more]
In this study, local sewage sludge was acclimated to establish H2-producing enrichment cultures, which were used to convert sucrose to H2 with continuously stirred anaerobic bioreactors. The steady-state behaviors of cell growth, substrate utilization, and product formation were closely monitored. Kinetic models were developed to describe and predict the experimental results from the H2-producing cultures. Operation at dilution rates (D) of 0.075-0.167 h-1 was preferable for H2 production, resulting in a H2 concentration of nearly 0.02 mol/l. The optimal hydrogen production rate was 0.105 mol/h occurring at D=0.125 h-1. The major volatile fatty acid produced was butyric acid (HBu), while acetic acid and propionic acid were also produced in lesser quantities. The major solvent product was ethanol, whose concentration was only 15% of that of HBu, indicating that the metabolic flow favors H2 production. The proposed model was able to interpret the trends of the experimental data. The maximum specific growth rate (µmax), Monod constant (Ks), and yield coefficient for cell growth (Yx/s) were estimated as 0.172 h-1, 68 mg COD/l, and 0.1 g/g, respectively. The model study also suggests that product formation in the continuous hydrogen-producing cultures was essentially a linear function of biomass concentration.
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2001 |
Clifton VL, Gu Q, Murphy VE, Schwartz J, Madsen G, Smith R, 'Localization and characterization of urocortin during human pregnancy (vol 21, pg 782, 2000)', PLACENTA, 22 264-264 (2001)
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2001 |
Zarzycki P, Smith R, 'Separation of steriods using temperature-dependent inclusion chromatography', Journal of Chromatography A, 912 45-52 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
King BR, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'The regulation of human corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression in the placenta (vol 22, pg 795, 2001)', PEPTIDES, 22 1939-+ (2001)
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2001 |
King BR, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'The regulation of human corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression in the placenta.', Peptides, 22 1941-1947 (2001)
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in the hypothalamus and the human placenta. Placental CRH production has been linked to th... [more]
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41 amino acid neuropeptide that is expressed in the hypothalamus and the human placenta. Placental CRH production has been linked to the determination of gestational length in the human. Although encoded by a single copy gene, CRH expression in the placenta is regulated differently to the hypothalamus. Glucocorticoids stimulate CRH promoter activity in the placenta but inhibit it's activity in the hypothalamus, via mechanisms involving different regions of the CRH promoter. We discuss how various stimuli alter CRH promoter activity and why these responses are unique to the placenta.
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2001 |
King BR, Smith R, Nicholson RC, 'The regulation of human corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression in the placenta', Peptides, 22 795-801 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
McGrath SA, Smith R, 'Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and parturition', Clinical Endocrinology, 55 593-595 (2001) [C2]
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2001 |
Clifton VL, Gu Q, Murphy VE, Schwartz J, Madsen G, Smith R, 'Erratum: Localization and characterization of urocortin during human pregnancy (Placenta (2000) vol. 21 (782-788))', Placenta, 22 264 (2001)
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2001 |
Gu Q, Clifton VL, Schwartz J, Madsen G, Sha JY, Smith R, 'Characterization of urocortin in human pregnancy', CHINESE MEDICAL JOURNAL, 114 618-622 (2001)
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2001 |
King BR, Nicholson RC, Smith R, 'Placental Corticotrophin-releasing Hormone, Local Effects and Fetomaternal Endocrinology', Stress: the international journal on the biology of stress, 4 219-233 (2001) [C3]
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2001 |
Chan EC, Smith R, 'Lessons in Labour', Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 12 44-46 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Clifton VL, Giles WB, Smith R, Bisits AM, Hempenstall P, Kessell C, Gibson PG, 'Alterations of Placental Vascular Function in Asthmatic Pregnancies', American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 164 546-553 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Leung T, Chung T, Madsen GM, Lam P, Sahota D, Smith R, 'Rate of rise in maternal plasma corticotrohpin-releasing hormone and its relation to gestational length', BJOG: An international Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108 527-532 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
McLean M, Smith R, 'Corticotrophin-releasing hormone and human parturition', Reproduction, 121 493-501 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Bowman M, Lopata A, Jaffe R, Golos T, Wickings J, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Binding Protein in Primates', American Journal of Primatology, 53 123-130 (2001) [C1]
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2000 |
McCluskey A, Finn M, Bowman M, Keller PA, Smith R, '2,7-dimethylthiazolo[4,5-d] pyradazine-4-(5H)-thione: a corticotrophin releasing hormone type 1 receptor agonist', Australian journal of chemistry, 905-908 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Cheng Y, Nicholson RC, King BR, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expresssion in Primary Placental Cells is Modulated by Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85 1239-1244 (2000) [C1]
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Nova |
2000 |
McLean M, Bowman M, Clifton VL, Smith R, Grossman AB, 'Expression of the Heme Oxygenase-Carbon Monoxide Signalling system in Human Placenta', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85 2345-2349 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Cheng Y, Nicholson RC, King BR, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Smith R, 'Glucocorticoid stimulation of Corticiotrophin-releasing hormone gene expression requires a Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate regulatory element in human primary Placental Cytotrophoblast Cells', The journal of Clinical Endocrinology And Metabolism, 85 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Clifton VL, Qing G, Murphy VE, Schwartz J, Madsen GM, Smith R, 'Localization and Characterization of Urocortin during Human Pregancy', Placenta, 21 782-788 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Donoghue J, Leitch I, Boura A, Walters W, Giles W, Smith R, Read M, 'Fetal placental vascular responses to corticotropin-releasing hormone in vitro. Effects Of variation in oxygen tension', Placenta, 21 711-717 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Leung TN, Chung T, Madsen GM, Lam C, Lam P, Walters W, Smith R, 'Analysis of mid-trimester corticotrophin-releasing hormone and a-fetoprotein concentrations for predicting pre-eclampsia', Human Reproduction, 15 1813-1818 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Smith R, 'An end to violence: I should only make myself ridiculous in my own eyes if I clung to life', Futures, Nature, 406 (2000) [C3] |
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2000 |
McLean M, Bowman M, Clifton V, Smith R, Grossman AB, 'Expression of the Heme Oxygenase-Carbon Monoxide Signalling System in Human Placenta', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85 2345-2349 (2000)
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2000 |
Giles W, Bisits A, Knox M, Madsen GM, Smith R, 'The effect of fetal fibronectin testing on admissions to a tertiary maternal-fetal medicine unit and cost savings', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 182 439-442 (2000) [C1] |
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1999 |
Jayadev S, Smith RD, Jagadeesh G, Baukal AJ, Hunyady L, Catt KJ, 'N-linked glycosylation is required for optimal AT(1a) angiotensin receptor expression in COS-7 cells', Endocrinology, 140 2010-2017 (1999)
The nature and role of glycosylation in AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1-R) function were investigated by expressing glycosylation-deficient influenza hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagg... [more]
The nature and role of glycosylation in AT1 angiotensin receptor (AT1-R) function were investigated by expressing glycosylation-deficient influenza hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged rat AT(1a)-Rs (HA-AT(1a)-Rs) in COS-7 cells. All three asparagine residues (Asn4, Asn176, Asn188) contained within consensus sites for N-linked glycosylation could be glycosylated in Cos-7 cells and appeared to be glycosylated on the endogenous AT1-R in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Heterogeneity of glycosylation at each site accounted for the broad migration pattern of the AT1-R in SDS-PAGE. Mutation at each glycosylation site, either alone or in combination, had little effect on ligand binding parameters (although the N4K mutant had higher affinity) or signaling activity. However, an increasing number of mutated glycosylation sites was associated with decreasing cell surface receptor expression, which was minimal for the unglycosylated N4K/N176Q/N188Q receptor. Decreased surface expression of mutant HA-AT(1a)-Rs was correlated with decreased total cell receptor content as revealed by immunoblotting with an anti-HA antibody. These findings suggest that glycosylation enhances receptor stability, possibly by protecting nascent receptors from proteolytic degradation.
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1999 |
Smith R, Wickings EJ, Bowman ME, Belleoud A, Dubreuil G, Davies JJ, Madsen G, 'Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Chimpanzee and Gorilla Pregnancies', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 84 2820-2825 (1999)
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1999 |
Majzoub JA, McGregor JA, Lockwood CJ, Smith R, Taggart MS, Schulkin J, 'A central theory of preterm and term labor: Putative role for corticotropin-releasing hormone', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180 (1999)
Near the end of human pregnancy the concentration of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in maternal blood rises exponentially. The rate of elevation of corticotropin-releas... [more]
Near the end of human pregnancy the concentration of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone in maternal blood rises exponentially. The rate of elevation of corticotropin-releasing hormone and its duration through time have been linked to the time of onset of labor. Paradoxically, although glucocorticoids are known to inhibit corticotropin-releasing hormone production within the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol actually increases corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in several areas outside the hypothalamus, including the placenta. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone may be an important component of a system that controls the normal maturation of the fetus and signals the initiation of labor. Abnormal elevations in corticotropin-releasing hormone, which may be a hormonal response to stressors arising in either the mother, placenta, or fetus, may prove to participate in the premature onset of parturition.
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1999 |
Smith R, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the fetoplacental clock: an Australian perspective', Americal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jan 180(1 Pt 3) 269-271 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
McLean M, Bisits AM, Davies J, Walters W, Hackshaw A, De Voss K, Smith R, 'Predicting risk of preterm delivery by second trimester measurement of maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone and alpha-fetoprotein', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, (Sep);181(1) 207-215 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
Smith R, Wicking J, Bowman M, Belleoud A, Dubreuil G, Davies J, Madsen GM, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone in chimpazee and gorilla pregnancies', Journal of clinical endocrinology and Metabolism, (Aug);84/8 2820-2825 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
Keller PA, Bowman M, Dang KH, Garner JA, Leach SP, Smith R, McCluskey A, 'Pharmacophore development for corticotropin-releasing hormone: new insights into inhibitor activity', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 42, No. 13 2351-2357 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
Paul A, Bowman M, Kor HD, Garner J, Leach S, Smith R, McCluskey A, 'Pharmacophore development for coticotrophin-releasing hormone: new insights into inhibitor activity', Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 42(13) 2351-2357 (1999) [C1] |
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1999 |
Smith R, 'The Timing of Birth', Scientific American, March 68-75 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
Leung TN, Chung T, Madsen GM, McLean M, Chang AMZ, Smith R, 'Elevated mid-trimester maternal coritcotropin-releasing hormone levels in pregnancies destined to deliver preterm before 34 weeks', British Jounal of Obsetrics and Gynecology, (Oct);106 1041-1046 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
McLean M, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone in human pregnancy and parturition', Trends in Endocrinology and metabolism, 10(5) 174-178 (1999) [C1]
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1998 |
Majzoub JA, Schulkin J, McGregor JA, Goland RS, Lockwood CJ, Smith R, Taggart MS, 'A central theory of preterm and term labor: putative role for corticotropin-releasing hormone', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 180 232-241 (1998) |
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1998 |
Bisits AM, Madsen GM, McLean MT, Ocallaghan S, Smith R, Giles WB, 'CRH- a biomechnaical predictor of preterm delivery in a pilot randomised trial - of the treatment of preterm labour', American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 178 862-866 (1998) [C1] |
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1998 |
Bisits A, Madsen GM, McLean M, Ocallaghan S, Smith R, Giles W, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone:a biochemical predictor of preterm delivery in a pilot randomised trial of the treatment of preterm labour', American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 178(4) 862 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Chan EC, Falconer J, Madsen GM, Rice KC, Webster EL, Chrousos GP, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist delays parturition in sheep', Endocrinology, 139(7) 3357-3360 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Chan E-C, Falconer J, Madsen G, Rice KC, Webster EL, Chrousos GP, Smith R, 'A Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Type I Receptor Antagonist Delays Parturition in Sheep', Endocrinology, 139 3357-3360 (1998)
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1998 |
Smith R, Mesiano S, Chan EC, Brown S, Jaffe RB, 'Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Directly and Preferentially Stimulates Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate Secretion by Human Fetal Adrenak cortical Cells', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83/8 2916-2920 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Leitch IM, Boura ALA, Botti C, Read MA, Walters WAW, Smith R, 'Vasodilator Actions of Urocortin and Related Peptides in the Human Perfused Placenta In Vitro', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology anfd Metabolism, 83/12 4510-4513 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Smith R, 'Alterations in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis during pregnancy and the placental clock that determines the length of parturition', Journal of Reproductive Immunology., 39 215-220 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Smith R, Mclean M, 'Chapter 8 The Endocrinology of pregnancy', Principles of Medical Biology, 12 155-165 (1998)
Successful completion of mammalian pregnancy requires a reorganization of the maternal physiology to create an environment optimal for the growth and development of the fetus. To ... [more]
Successful completion of mammalian pregnancy requires a reorganization of the maternal physiology to create an environment optimal for the growth and development of the fetus. To a large extent this physiological transformation is effected by the specialized endocrine functions of the placenta. The ability of the simple structure of the placentamprimarily cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast to produce a complex array of peptide and steroid hormones each with a specific gestationally determined production patternmremains a fascinating enigma. © 1998 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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1998 |
Jaffe RB, Mesiano S, Smith R, Coulter CL, Spencer SJ, Chakravorty A, 'The regulation and role of fetal adrenal development in human pregnancy', Endocrine Research, 24(3-4) 919-926 (1998) [C1]
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1997 |
Ni X, Chan EC, Fitter JT, Smith R, 'Nitric oxide inhibits corticotropin-releasing hormone exocytosis but not synthesis by cultured human trophoblasts', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 82 4171-4175 (1997)
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1997 |
Leitch IM, Roe CM, Walters WAW, Smith R, Boura ALA, 'Effect of the L-arginine nitric oxide pathway on human placental vascular tone and corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion', HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY, 16 367-378 (1997)
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1997 |
Bowman M, Robinson PJ, Smith R, 'Atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic GMP analogues and modulation of guanylyl cyclase do not alter stimulated POMC peptide release from perifused rat or sheep corticotrophs', Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 9 929-936 (1997) [C1]
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1996 |
Roe CM, Leitch IM, Boura ALA, Smith R, 'Nitric oxide regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone release from the human perfused placenta in vitro', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 81 763-769 (1996)
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1996 |
Clifton VL, Read MA, Boura ALA, Robinson PJ, Smith R, 'Adrenocorticotropin causes vasodilatation in the human fetal-placental circulation', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 81 1406-1410 (1996)
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1996 |
Giles WB, McLean M, Davies JJ, Smith R, 'Abnormal umbilical artery Doppler waveforms and cord blood corticotropin-releasing hormone', OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY, 87 107-111 (1996)
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1996 |
Li H, Liu JP, Smith R, Robinson PJ, 'Identification of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and its specific substrates in the anterior pituitary', MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY, 122 159-171 (1996)
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1995 |
CLIFTON VL, OWENS PC, ROBINSON PJ, SMITH R, 'IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-RECEPTOR IN HUMAN PLACENTA', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, 133 591-597 (1995)
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1995 |
McLean M, Bisits A, Davies J, Woods R, Lowry P, Smith R, 'A placental clock controlling the length of human pregnancy', Nature Medicine, 1 460-463 (1995) [C1]
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1995 |
Clifton VL, Read MA, Leitch IM, Giles WB, Boura AL, Robinson PJ, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced vasodilatation in the human fetal-placental circulation: involvement of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-mediated pathway.', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 80 2888-2893 (1995)
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1995 |
CLIFTON VL, READ MA, LEITCH IM, GILES WB, BOURA ALA, ROBINSON PJ, SMITH R, 'CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-INDUCED VASODILATATION IN THE HUMAN FETAL-PLACENTAL CIRCULATION - INVOLVEMENT OF THE NITRIC OXIDE CYCLIC GUANOSINE 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE-MEDIATED PATHWAY', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 80 2888-2893 (1995)
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1995 |
MCLEAN M, SMITH R, 'CUSHINGS-SYNDROME - HOW SHOULD WE INVESTIGATE IN 1995', MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA, 163 153-154 (1995)
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1995 |
HARTE JL, EIFERT GH, SMITH R, 'THE EFFECTS OF RUNNING AND MEDITATION ON BETA-ENDORPHIN, CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE AND CORTISOL IN PLASMA, AND ON MOOD', BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY, 40 251-265 (1995)
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1994 |
Sun K, Smith R, Robinson PJ, 'Basal and KCl-stimulated corticotropin-releasing hormone release from human placental syncytiotrophoblasts is inhibited by sodium nitroprusside.', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 79 519-524 (1994)
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1994 |
Clifton VL, Read MA, Leitch IM, Boura AL, Robinson PJ, Smith R, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced vasodilatation in the human fetal placental circulation.', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 79 666-669 (1994)
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1994 |
MCLEAN M, THOMPSON D, ZHANG HP, BRINSMEAD M, SMITH R, 'CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE AND BETA-ENDORPHIN IN LABOR', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, 131 167-172 (1994)
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1994 |
SUN K, SMITH R, ROBINSON PJ, 'BASAL AND KCL-STIMULATED CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-RELEASE FROM HUMAN PLACENTAL SYNCYTIOTROPHOBLASTS IS INHIBITED BY SODIUM-NITROPRUSSIDE', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 79 519-524 (1994)
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1994 |
CLIFTON VL, READ MA, LEITCH IM, BOURA ALA, ROBINSON PJ, SMITH R, 'CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE-INDUCED VASODILATATION IN THE HUMAN FETAL-PLACENTAL CIRCULATION', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 79 666-669 (1994)
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1993 |
Smith R, Chan EC, Bowman ME, Harewood WJ, Phippard AF, 'Corticotropin-releasing hormone in baboon pregnancy.', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 76 1063-1068 (1993)
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1993 |
CHAN EC, SMITH R, LEWIN T, BRINSMEAD MW, ZHANG HP, CUBIS J, et al., 'PLASMA CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE, BETA-ENDORPHIN AND CORTISOL INTERRELATIONSHIPS DURING HUMAN-PREGNANCY', ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA, 128 339-344 (1993)
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1993 |
SMITH R, CHAN EC, BOWMAN ME, HAREWOOD WJ, PHIPPARD AF, 'CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE IN BABOON PREGNANCY', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 76 1063-1068 (1993)
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1993 |
POWELL KA, SMITH R, ROBINSON PJ, 'IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF DEPHOSPHIN, A NEURONAL PROTEIN-KINASE-C SUBSTRATE, IN THE RAT-BRAIN', JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, 61 S134-S134 (1993) |
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1993 |
McLean M, Walters WAW, Smith R, 'Prediction and early diagnosis of preterm labor: A critical review', Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 48 209-225 (1993)
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1992 |
Chan EC, Smith R, 'Beta-endrophin immunoreactivity during human pregnancy.', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 75 1453-1458 (1992)
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1992 |
CHAN EC, SMITH R, 'BETA-ENDORPHIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY DURING HUMAN-PREGNANCY', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 75 1453-1458 (1992)
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1992 |
GUDE NM, BOURA ALA, KING RG, BRENNECKE SP, JAMAL OS, SMITH R, WALTERS WAW, 'EVIDENCE FOR INHIBITION BY ENDOTHELIUM-DERIVED RELAXING FACTOR OF THROMBOXANE-A2 RECEPTOR-MEDIATED VASOCONSTRICTION IN THE FETAL VESSELS OF THE HUMAN PERFUSED PLACENTA', PLACENTA, 13 597-605 (1992)
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1992 |
BOULTON TJC, SMITH R, SINGLE T, 'PSYCHOSOCIAL GROWTH FAILURE - A POSITIVE RESPONSE TO GROWTH-HORMONE AND PLACEBO', ACTA PAEDIATRICA, 81 322-325 (1992)
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1991 |
SMITH R, THOMSON M, 'NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE HYPOTHALAMO-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS IN PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM', BAILLIERES CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM, 5 167-186 (1991)
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1991 |
LIVESEY JH, CARNE A, IRVINE CHG, ELLIS J, EVANS MJ, SMITH R, DONALD RA, 'STRUCTURE OF EQUINE CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR', PEPTIDES, 12 1437-1440 (1991)
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1991 |
MULLINS RJ, RUSSELL A, MCGRATH GJ, SMITH R, SUTHERLAND DC, 'BREAST-FEEDING ANAPHYLAXIS', LANCET, 338 1279-1280 (1991)
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1991 |
MADSEN G, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, HO KY, SMITH R, 'REVERSE HEMOLYTIC PLAQUE-ASSAY STUDY OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE AND ARGININE VASOPRESSIN INTERACTION IN OVINE CORTICOTROPES', JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 3 193-197 (1991)
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1991 |
FALCONER J, DAVIES JJ, ZHANG HP, SMITH R, 'RELEASE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I BY THE SHEEP PLACENTA INVITRO', REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT, 3 379-384 (1991)
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1991 |
DAVIES JJ, FALCONER J, ZHANG HP, CHAN EC, MCLEAN M, SMITH R, 'PERIFUSED OVINE PLACENTAL TISSUE SECRETES BETA-ENDORPHIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY', REPRODUCTION FERTILITY AND DEVELOPMENT, 3 397-404 (1991)
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1990 |
SMITH R, CUBIS J, BRINSMEAD M, LEWIN T, SINGH B, OWENS P, et al., 'MOOD CHANGES, OBSTETRIC EXPERIENCE AND ALTERATIONS IN PLASMA-CORTISOL, BETA-ENDORPHIN AND CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE DURING PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM', JOURNAL OF PSYCHOSOMATIC RESEARCH, 34 53-69 (1990)
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1990 |
THOMSON M, CHAN EC, DAVIES J, FALCONER J, MADSEN G, GERAGHTY S, SMITH R, 'INTRACELLULAR MECHANISMS GOVERNING THE ACUTE PHASE OF BETA-ENDORPHIN SECRETION FROM THE CORTICOTROPE INVITRO', NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 110 343-348 (1990)
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1990 |
CHAN EC, BRINSMEAD MW, CHEN SE, NANRA R, SIMM B, MCLEAN M, SMITH R, 'URINARY CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE IMMUNOREACTIVITY IS ELEVATED DURING HUMAN-PREGNANCY', GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 4 233-244 (1990)
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1990 |
CHAN EC, THOMSON M, MADSEN G, BOETTCHER B, FALCONER J, SMITH R, 'LARGE MOLECULAR-WEIGHT IMMUNOREACTIVE CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE HAS BIOACTIVITY ON SUPERFUSED OVINE PITUITARY-CELLS', JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 2 95-101 (1990)
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1990 |
THOMSON M, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, MADSEN G, GERAGHTY S, CURRYER N, et al., 'DESENSITIZATION OF SUPERFUSED ISOLATED OVINE ANTERIOR-PITUITARY-CELLS TO HUMAN CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING FACTOR', JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 2 181-187 (1990)
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1989 |
LEVICK MP, LOVELOCK M, SMITH R, SAUNDERS NA, 'RELATION BETWEEN PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN AND THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPERCAPNIA IN HUMANS', CLINICAL SCIENCE, 77 323-327 (1989)
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1989 |
THOMSON M, SMITH R, 'THE ACTION OF HYPOTHALAMIC AND PLACENTAL CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING-FACTOR ON THE CORTICOTROPE', MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY, 62 1-12 (1989)
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1989 |
OWENS PC, OWENS JA, LOVELOCK M, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, ROBINSON JS, SMITH R, 'RESTRICTION OF PLACENTAL GROWTH IN SHEEP ENHANCES PLACENTAL METABOLISM OF FETAL BETA-ENDORPHIN-LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY', JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, 11 63-71 (1989)
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1989 |
KUSNECOV AW, HUSBAND AJ, KING MG, SMITH R, 'MODULATION OF MITOGEN-INDUCED SPLEEN-CELL PROLIFERATION AND THE ANTIBODY-FORMING CELL RESPONSE BY BETA-ENDORPHIN INVIVO', PEPTIDES, 10 473-479 (1989)
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1988 |
LEVICK M, SAUNDERS N, SMITH R, LOVELOCK M, 'BETA-ENDORPHIN AND THE VENTILATORY RESPONSE TO HYPERCAPNIA IN HUMANS', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE, 18 542-542 (1988) |
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1988 |
BOULTON J, SMITH R, HALL C, GLEESON M, GERAGHTY S, 'GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION IN GROWTH FAILURE FROM EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION AND DEPRESSION', AUSTRALIAN PAEDIATRIC JOURNAL, 24 77-78 (1988)
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1988 |
CHAN EC, THOMSON M, MADSEN G, FALCONER J, SMITH R, 'DIFFERENTIAL PROCESSING OF CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING HORMONE BY THE HUMAN-PLACENTA AND HYPOTHALAMUS', BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, 153 1229-1235 (1988)
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1988 |
OWENS PC, CHAN EC, LOVELOCK M, FALCONER J, SMITH R, 'IMMUNOREACTIVE METHIONINE-ENKEPHALIN IN CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID AND BLOOD-PLASMA DURING ACUTE STRESS IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP', ENDOCRINOLOGY, 122 311-318 (1988)
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1988 |
SMITH R, LOVELOCK M, OWENS PC, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, 'THE EFFECT OF REPETITIVE HEMORRHAGE ON PLASMA-CORTISOL, BETA-ENDORPHIN AND N-TERMINAL PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP', HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH, 20 612-615 (1988)
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1988 |
FALCONER J, CHAN EC, MADSEN G, THOMSON M, DAVIES J, SMITH R, 'SECRETION OF BETA-ENDORPHIN INTO THE MATERNAL CIRCULATION BY UTEROPLACENTAL TISSUES IN RESPONSE TO HYPOGLYCEMIC STRESS', JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY, 118 R5-R8 (1988)
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1988 |
THOMSON M, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, MADSEN G, SMITH R, 'SECRETION OF CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE BY SUPERFUSED HUMAN PLACENTAL FRAGMENTS', GYNECOLOGICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 2 87-100 (1988)
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1987 |
Ross RJM, Borges F, Grossman A, Smith R, Ngahfoong L, Rees LH, et al., 'Growth hormone pretreatment in man blocks the response to growth hormone-releasing hormone; evidence for a direct effect of growth hormone.', Clinical Endocrinology, 26 117-123 (1987)
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1987 |
SMITH R, OWENS PC, BRINSMEAD MW, SINGH B, HALL C, 'THE NONSUPPRESSIBILITY OF PLASMA-CORTISOL PERSISTS AFTER PREGNANCY', HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH, 19 41-42 (1987)
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1987 |
OWENS PC, SMITH R, BRINSMEAD MW, HALL C, ROWLEY M, HURT D, et al., 'POSTNATAL DISAPPEARANCE OF THE PREGNANCY-ASSOCIATED REDUCED SENSITIVITY OF PLASMA-CORTISOL TO FEEDBACK INHIBITION', LIFE SCIENCES, 41 1745-1750 (1987)
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1987 |
OWENS PC, SMITH R, 'OPIOID-PEPTIDES IN BLOOD AND CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID DURING ACUTE STRESS', BAILLIERES CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM, 1 415-437 (1987)
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1987 |
Martyn P, Smith R, Owens PC, Lovelock M, Chan E, 'Immunoreactive ß-Endorphin and Pro- -Melanotropin in the Peripheral Circulation during the Menstrual Cycle', Asia-Oceania Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 13 345-350 (1987)
Abstract The ovary contains ß-endorphin but it is not clear whether it secretes this opioid peptide in amounts sufficient to increase ß-endorphin concentrations in the peripheral ... [more]
Abstract The ovary contains ß-endorphin but it is not clear whether it secretes this opioid peptide in amounts sufficient to increase ß-endorphin concentrations in the peripheral circulation, and hence effect ß-endorphin-sensitive mechanisms controlling hypo-thalamic secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary secretion of gonadotrophins. To examine the possible ovarian contribution to the circulating pool of ß-endorphin and related peptides we measured the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive ß-endorphin and the cosynthesized glycopeptide, pro-¿-melanotropin, in different phases of a normal menstrual cycle. Ovarian steroids and pituitary gonadotrophins showed the expected cyclical changes. Plasma cortisol, immunoreactive ß-endorphin and immunoreactive pro-¿-melanotropin concentrations were not significantly different in different phases of the cycle. There was no discernible relationship between plasma concentrations of either immunoreactive ß-endorphin or pro-¿-melanotropin and any of oestradiol, progesterone, luteinising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone overall or during any phase of the menstrual cycle. The results suggest that the ovary does not contribute significantly to the pool of ß-endorphin and related peptides in circulating blood. © 1987 Japanese Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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1987 |
Kusnecov AW, Husband AJ, King MG, Pang G, Smith R, 'In vivo effects of ß-endorphin on lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin 2 production', Brain Behavior and Immunity, 1 88-97 (1987)
Experiments were undertaken in rats to investigate the effects of in vivo infusion of ß-endorphin (BEP) on subsequent Con A-induced proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) producti... [more]
Experiments were undertaken in rats to investigate the effects of in vivo infusion of ß-endorphin (BEP) on subsequent Con A-induced proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production by spleen cells in vitro. BEP administration induced a dose-dependent enhancement of the proliferative response to Con A. Infusion of the opiate antagonist naloxone (NAL) inhibited the Con A response and infusion of NAL prior to BEP resulted in even further inhibition. None of these treatments resulted in detectable alterations in IL-2 production after 48 h in culture. To demonstrate a direct interaction between BEP and lymphocytes, spleen cells were incubated in vitro with varying concentrations of BEP and/or NAL. Enhanced Con A-induced proliferation was observed following incubation with BEP in the range 10-12 to 10-9M (levels comparable to the effective in vivo doses) and this effect was abrogated by NAL pretreatment (10-6M). These data indicate a role for BEP in enhancing lymphocyte reactivity which is to some extent dependent on opiate receptors on the cell surface. This report extends the evidence obtained from in vitro experiments implicating endogenous opioids in modulation of host immunity by demonstrating that these effects can be obtained in vivo. © 1987.
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1986 |
SMITH R, OWENS PC, LOVELOCK M, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, 'ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC STRESS IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP ELEVATES IMMUNOREACTIVE BETA-ENDORPHIN IN PLASMA BUT NOT IN CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID', ENDOCRINOLOGY, 118 2572-2576 (1986)
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1986 |
SINGH B, GILHOTRA M, SMITH R, BRINSMEAD M, LEWIN T, HALL C, 'POSTPARTUM PSYCHOSES AND THE DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST', JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS, 11 173-177 (1986)
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1985 |
BRINSMEAD M, SMITH R, SINGH B, LEWIN T, OWENS P, 'PERIPARTUM CONCENTRATIONS OF BETA-ENDORPHIN AND CORTISOL AND MATERNAL MOOD STATES', AUSTRALIAN & NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, 25 194-197 (1985)
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1985 |
FALCONER J, OWENS PC, SMITH R, 'CANNULATION OF THE CISTERNA MAGNA IN SHEEP - A METHOD FOR CHRONIC STUDIES OF CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE, 63 157-162 (1985)
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1985 |
OWENS P, LOVELOCK M, CHAN EC, FALCONER J, LING N, SMITH R, 'SECRETION OF N-TERMINAL PRO-OPIOMELANOCORTIN-DERIVED PEPTIDES IN RESPONSE TO ACUTE HEMORRHAGIC STRESS IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP', BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS, 133 648-653 (1985)
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1985 |
SMITH R, BESSER GM, REES LH, 'THE EFFECT OF SURGERY ON PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN AND METHIONINE-ENKEPHALIN', NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 55 17-21 (1985)
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1985 |
SMITH R, GROSSMAN A, BOYCE MJ, BESSER GM, REES LH, 'EFFECT OF HISTAMINE INFUSION ON CIRCULATING METHIONINE-ENKEPHALIN AND CATECHOLAMINE CONCENTRATIONS', NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 55 289-292 (1985)
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1985 |
SMITH R, GROSSMAN A, GIMSON AES, BESSER GM, REES LH, 'EFFECT OF LIVER AND RENAL DYSFUNCTION ON CIRCULATING METHIONINE-ENKEPHALIN IMMUNOREACTIVITY', NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 60 301-305 (1985)
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1984 |
OWENS PC, SMITH R, GREEN D, FALCONER L, 'EFFECT OF HYPOGLYCEMIC STRESS ON PLASMA AND CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID IMMUNOREACTIVE BETA-ENDORPHIN IN CONSCIOUS SHEEP', NEUROSCIENCE LETTERS, 49 1-6 (1984)
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1984 |
OWENS PC, SMITH R, OWENS JA, FALCONER J, BRINSMEAD MW, ROBINSON JS, 'FETAL PRODUCTION AND PLACENTAL CONSUMPTION OF PLASMA BETA-ENDORPHIN', JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, 20 1430-1430 (1984)
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1983 |
KISER RS, JACKSON S, SMITH R, REES LH, LOWRY PJ, BESSER GM, 'ENDORPHIN-RELATED PEPTIDES IN RAT CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID', BRAIN RESEARCH, 288 187-192 (1983)
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1982 |
CLEMENTJONES V, CORDER R, SMITH R, MEDBAK S, LOWRY PJ, REES LH, BESSER GM, 'MET-ENKEPHALIN AND RELATED PEPTIDES IN MAN', ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 33 379-386 (1982)
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1982 |
GROSSMAN A, SMITH R, VANLOON GR, BROWN GM, REES LH, BESSER GM, 'CIRCULATING CATECHOLAMINES, MELATONIN AND ENKEPHALIN IN MAN FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF A MET-ENKEPHALIN ANALOG', NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY LETTERS, 4 223-232 (1982)
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1981 |
MOORE MP, SMITH R, DONALD RA, ESPINER EA, STRONACH S, 'THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DOSE REGIMES OF D-SER(TBU)6-LHRH-EA10 (HOE-766) IN SUBJECTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM', CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 14 93-97 (1981)
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1981 |
GAILLARD RC, GROSSMAN A, SMITH R, REES LH, BESSER GM, 'THE EFFECTS OF A MET-ENKEPHALIN ANALOG ON ACTH, BETA-LPH, BETA-ENDORPHIN AND MET-ENKEPHALIN IN PATIENTS WITH ADRENOCORTICAL DISEASE', CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 14 471-478 (1981)
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1981 |
Smith R, Thomson MAR, Cooper W, 'The relationship between changing values of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A in late pregnancy and the onset of labour', Placenta, 2 143-147 (1981)
The pattern of change of PAPP-A was established in three separate groups of patients. Day-to-day change from the 38th week was measured in six healthy patients whose pregnancies e... [more]
The pattern of change of PAPP-A was established in three separate groups of patients. Day-to-day change from the 38th week was measured in six healthy patients whose pregnancies ended in spontaneous labour. The slow fluctuations of PAPP-A suggest that values found in labour are a consequence of events prior to the onset of labour. Increases of PAPP-A during the last few days of pregnancy and into labour were compared in patients going into labour spontaneously and patients who were induced. The induced patients showed a sharper increase in PAPP-A during this interval than the spontaneous onset group. A comparison at an earlier stage of pregnancy of PAPP-A increase was made between normal pregnancies going into labour on or before 280 days and those who went into labour later. Between 31 ± 1 and 35 ± 1 weeks, those who delivered in the earlier group showed a sharper rise in PAPP-A. It seems likely that the behaviour of PAPP-A in late pregnancy is the consequence of uterine activity and it seems unlikely that an increasing level of PAPP-A in itself has anything to do with the initiation of spontaneous labour. © 1981, W. B. Saunders Company Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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1981 |
Smith R, Smith R, Grossman A, Gaillard R, Clement-Jones V, Ratter S, et al., 'Studies on circulating met-enkephalin and beta-endorphin: normal subjects and patients with renal and adrenal disease.', Clinical Endocrinology, 15 291-300 (1981)
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1980 |
SMITH R, DONALD RA, ESPINER EA, GLATTHAAR C, ABBOTT G, SCANDRETT M, 'THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT REGIMENS ON HORMONAL PROFILES IN CONGENITAL ADRENAL-HYPERPLASIA', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM, 51 230-236 (1980)
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1980 |
GLATTHAAR C, SMITH R, ESPINER EA, DONALD RA, HINTON D, '1,25-DIHYDROXY-VITAMIN-D3 - A NEW TREATMENT FOR HYPOPARATHYROIDISM', NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL, 92 267-271 (1980)
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1980 |
GLATTHAAR C, DONALD RA, SMITH R, MCRAE CU, 'PITUITARY-FUNCTION IN NORMOPROLACTINAEMIC INFERTILE MEN RECEIVING BROMOCRIPTINE', CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 13 455-459 (1980)
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1979 |
SMITH R, DONALD RA, ESPINER EA, STRONACH S, 'EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF D-SER(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10 (HOE-766) IN SUBJECTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM', CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY, 11 553-559 (1979)
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1979 |
SMITH R, DONALD RA, ESPINER EA, STRONACH S, 'THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF D-SER(TBU) 6-LH-RH-EA10 (HOE 766) IN SUBJECTS WITH HYPOGONADOTROPHIC HYPOGONADISM', Clinical Endocrinology, 11 553-559 (1979)
Nine patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (five due to isolated gonadotrophin deficiency and four due to craniopharyngioma) were treated with daily subcutaneous injections... [more]
Nine patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (five due to isolated gonadotrophin deficiency and four due to craniopharyngioma) were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of a long acting LHRH analogue, Hoe 766. Therapy was continued for between 27 and 38 weeks and doses varied between 1¿25 and 5 µg per day. At monthly intervals patients were assessed by their LH and FSH response to 100 µg of LHRH and by second hourly sampling for LH, FSH and testosterone for the 24 hours after their Hoe 766 dose. Regardless of the diagnosis or the dose of Hoe 766 the LH response to Hoe 766 and to LHRH deteriorated with increasing duration of therapy. Plasma FSH values became low after only 1 week of therapy and failed to improve. Peak plasma testosterone during therapy correlated with peak plasma LH regardless of the duration of treatment (r = 0±43, P < 0±05, n = 22). Peak plasma LH on LHRH stimulation tests correlated with peak plasma LH on Hoe 766 24 hour studies independently of the length of treatment or the dose of Hoe 766 (r=0±62, P < 0±01, n = 18). In this group of patients peak plasma LH on LHRH stimulation tests did not correlate with basal plasma LH. Throughout the study in all patients testosterone was subnormal at 08.00 h. If testosterone rose after Hoe 766 it did so within the first 12 hours following the injection and had returned to baseline levels by 08.00 h the following day. It is concluded that prolonged daily administration of Hoe 766 within the dose range studied leads to loss of pituitary LH and FSH responses to both Hoe 766 and LHRH. Our results suggest that the loss of LH responsiveness is not due to testosterone feedback inhibition or selective resistance to Hoe 766, but may be explained by depletion of gonadotrophin stores in the pituitary gland. Copyright © 1979, Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved
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1979 |
Smith R, Donald RA, Espiner EA, Stronach SG, Edwards IA, 'Normal adults and subjects with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism respond differently to D-SER(TBU)6-LH-RH-EA10', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 48 167-170 (1979)
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