Miss Sarah Kennedy

Miss Sarah Kennedy

Honorary Lecturer

School of Education

Career Summary

Biography

I graduated from the University of Newcastle (UoN) in 2012, attaining a Bachelor of Exercise and Sports Science. During my final year of my bachelor degree, I completed work experience at the Priority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition (PRC-PAN), which sparked an interest in education. From 2013-2014, I continued to work at the PRC-PAN whilst concurrently completing my Master of Teaching (Primary) at the UoN and my Master of Exercise Science (Strength and Conditioning) through Edith Cowan University. In 2016, I began my PhD studies on the project ‘Resistance Training for Teens’. This project is a health-related fitness program for secondary school students across New South Wales, which aims to equip adolescents with the necessary knowledge, skills and motivation to be physically active across the lifespan. My interests lie in the innovation of evidence-based programs to improve the physical activity levels of children and youth, as well as the methods in which are employed to further develop these programs for large-scale roll out. I am interested in, and passionate about the inclusion of resistance training within physical activity programs, and the ways in which this exercise can improve the overall health of individuals.

Qualifications

  • Master of Teaching (Primary), University of Newcastle
  • Bachelor of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Newcastle
  • Master of Exercise Science, Edith Cowan University

Keywords

  • Physical Activity
  • Resistance Training
  • education
  • exercise science
  • implementation science
  • school-based health promotion

Fields of Research

Code Description Percentage
390111 Physical education and development curriculum and pedagogy 100
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Publications

For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.


Chapter (1 outputs)

Year Citation Altmetrics Link
2020 Kennedy SG, McKay HA, Naylor PJ, Lubans DR, 'Implementation and scale-up of school-based physical activity interventions' (2020) [B1]
DOI 10.4324/9781003026426-27
Citations Scopus - 9
Co-authors David Lubans

Journal article (38 outputs)

Year Citation Altmetrics Link
2025 Dobrowolska B, Chiapinotto S, Cabrera E, Chloubová I, Kane R, Kennedy S, Lovric R, Stanisavljevic S, Riklikiene O, Palese A, 'Changes and continuities in undergraduate nursing education during and after COVID-19: a European comparative study from the perspective of health science', BMC Medical Education, 25 (2025)
DOI 10.1186/s12909-025-07407-0
2024 Kennedy SG, Murray SJ, Guagliano JM, Lloyd RS, Lubans DR, Smith JJ, et al., 'Provision of online information and resources for resistance training in Australian youth sports: A scoping review', International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, (2024) [C1]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify and synthesize online information/resources related to resistance training provided by governing bodies of the ten most popular youth spor... [more]

Objectives: This study aimed to identify and synthesize online information/resources related to resistance training provided by governing bodies of the ten most popular youth sports in Australia. Design: A scoping review. Methods: The top 10 organised out-of-school sports were eligible for the review. A systematic search of national sporting organisation and associated websites was conducted, using key search terms. Data were extracted regarding information and/or resources aligning with current international youth muscle-and-bone strengthening activity guidelines (i.e., 5¿17 years, three days per week). Results: For all ten sports, information/resources on resistance training were provided for athletes or coaches, however the type of information and level of detail varied. There was lack of consistency between guidelines and information provided by sports. Age of commencement recommendations ranged from four years (athletics) to 14 years (Australian football), whilst others suggested resistance training for all ages (gymnastics) or did not provide an explicit age range (tennis and cricket). Regarding frequency, few sports organisations provided a recommendation for how many days per week resistance training should be performed. Some sports alluded to the need for youth to develop muscular fitness to enhance fitness and performance, whilst others focused primarily on the need for resistance training as an injury prevention tool. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the gap that exists in the provision of information in relation to resistance training in Australian sports. It is important that national sporting organisations look to educate athletes and coaches (and parents) from grassroots levels on the need for muscular fitness.

DOI 10.1177/17479541241295289
Co-authors Narelle Eather, Jordan Smith, David Lubans
2024 dos Santos GC, Silva TMDS, da Silva JM, Barbosa RDO, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR, Neto AS, 'Impact of the ActTeens Program on physical activity and fitness in adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial', BMC PEDIATRICS, 24 (2024) [C1]

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the ActTeens Program on physical activity and health-related physical fitness among adolescents in Brazil. Methods: ... [more]

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the ActTeens Program on physical activity and health-related physical fitness among adolescents in Brazil. Methods: The "ActTeens Program" was conducted using a cluster-randomized controlled trial during 24-week school term. The sample consisted of 317 adolescents (52.7% girls; 13.61 ± 0.70 years) from four secondary schools that were randomly assigned to intervention group (N = 169) or control group (N = 148). This school-based physical activity (PA) intervention involved two components: (i) structured physical activity sessions delivered within physical education (PE) and (ii) healthy lifestyle guidance (mHealth). The primary outcome was PA assessed using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A); secondary outcomes included muscular (MF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) assessed using 90-push-up, handgrip dynamometer, standing long jump, and 20¿m PACER shuttle run test. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 12- and 24-week. Intervention effects were assessed using linear mixed models (LMM). Results: For the primary outcome (PA), no significant group-by-time effects were observed for physical education based-PA (0.3 score; 95%CI: -0.1; 0.6; and - 0.01 score; 95%CI: -0.03; 0.03, at 12-wk and 24-wk respectively) and total PA (-0.02 score; 95%CI: -0.2; 0.2; and - 0.01score; 95%CI: -0.2; 0.2, at 12 and 24 weeks respectively). After 24 weeks, we observed a significant group by time effects for lower body muscular fitness (12.9¿cm; 95%CI, 3.2 to 22.2). Conclusion: The implementation of aerobic and muscle-strengthening exercises used in the ActTeens intervention did not lead to improvements in physical activity. The intervention resulted in improved lower body muscular fitness, however, we found no significant differences for upper body muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness.

DOI 10.1186/s12887-024-04922-9
Co-authors David Lubans
2024 Verdonschot A, Beauchamp MR, Brusseau TA, Chinapaw MJM, Christiansen LB, Daly-Smith A, Eather N, Fairclough SJ, Faulkner G, Foweather L, Garcia-Hermoso A, Ha AS, Harris N, Jaakkola T, Jago R, Kennedy SG, Lander NJ, Lonsdale C, Manios Y, Mazzoli E, Murtagh E, Nathan N, Naylor PJ, Noetel M, O'Keeffe B, Resaland GK, Ridgers ND, Ridley K, Riley N, Rosenkranz RR, Rosenkranz SK, Saakslahti A, Sczygiol SM, Skovgaard T, van Sluijs EMF, Smith JJ, Smith M, Stratton G, Vidal-Conti J, Webster CA, Young ES, Lubans DR, 'Development and evaluation of the Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation to deliver Physical Activity in School Scale (COM-PASS)', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 21 (2024) [C1]
DOI 10.1186/s12966-024-01640-4
Citations Scopus - 2
Co-authors Nicholas Riley, David Lubans, Narelle Eather, Jordan Smith, Nicole Nathan, Angeliek Verdonschot
2024 Power M, Kennedy S, Cleary F, Mills I, Kinsella S, Celdran AH, 'A Systematic Literature Review of XR Interventions to Improve Motor Skills Development Among Autistic Children', IEEE Access, 12, 108953-108974 (2024) [C1]

Autism is a developmental condition that affects motor skill development. There is a lack of comprehensive research exploring the potential benefits of extended reality (XR) techn... [more]

Autism is a developmental condition that affects motor skill development. There is a lack of comprehensive research exploring the potential benefits of extended reality (XR) technologies, including virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), for improving motor skills in autistic children. This systematic literature review (SLR) addresses this research gap by investigating XR-based interventions targeting motor skill development in autistic children. The SLR analysed 15 primary studies published between 2012 and 2024, examining the use of VR and AR to improve motor skill development in autistic children. The interventions ranged from one session to 12 weeks, lasting 12 to 45 minutes, and targeted various body movements. XR platforms and devices used included VR headsets, motion capture systems, and exercise bikes. Recurrent neural networks, dynamic difficulty adjustment, and behaviour trees were employed to enhance intervention dynamics and extract valuable insights from collected data. The results suggest that using XR interventions has significant potential to improve physical activity levels and motor skills development among autistic children. However, the research designs varied, with only one study including their intervention framework's generalisation and maintenance phases. This study offers an encouraging avenue for future research and intervention design in this field.

DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3438361
Citations Scopus - 1
2024 Mckay HA, Kennedy SG, Macdonald HM, Naylor P-J, Lubans DR, 'The Secret Sauce? Taking the Mystery Out of Scaling-Up School-Based Physical Activity Interventions', JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY & HEALTH, 21, 731-740 (2024) [C1]
DOI 10.1123/jpah.2024-0274
Citations Scopus - 3Web of Science - 2
Co-authors David Lubans
2023 Kelly HT, Smith JJ, Verdonschot A, Kennedy SG, Scott JJ, Mckay H, Nathan N, Sutherland R, Morgan PJ, Salmon J, Penney D, Boyer J, Lloyd RS, Oldmeadow C, Reeves P, Pursey K, Hua M, Longmore S, Norman J, Voukelatos A, Zask A, Lubans DR, 'Supporting adolescents' participation in muscle-strengthening physical activity: protocol for the 'Resistance Training for Teens' (RT4T) hybrid type III implementation-effectiveness trial', BMJ OPEN, 13 (2023)
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075488
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 2
Co-authors Philip Morgan, Christopher Oldmeadow, Kirrilly Pursey, Angeliek Verdonschot, Nicole Nathan, Jordan Smith, David Lubans, Rachel Sutherland
2023 Dowling T, Kennedy S, Foran S, 'Who bears responsibility for the post-acute older adult: patient, family or State?', British Journal of Community Nursing, 28, 376-383 (2023) [C1]

AIM: This study explores the perceptions of hospital discharge coordinators on the issues raised for the post-acute older adult and their family, using the lens of assisted decisi... [more]

AIM: This study explores the perceptions of hospital discharge coordinators on the issues raised for the post-acute older adult and their family, using the lens of assisted decision-making and advance directives. Background: New legislation has been developed in Ireland to support assisted decision-making and advance directives that is largely consistent with other countries around the world. The Assisted Decision-Making Act of 2015 was fully commeced in April 2023, following lengthy debate. However, there is a lot of professional uncertainty regarding how to support and integrate Advance Healthcare Directives and assisted decision-making into the care of adults and into the role of nurses working in the community. Methods: Utilising a qualitative approach, this study conducted a series of five focus groups, with 23 participants, across the South-East of Ireland. Thematic analysis was used to interpret results. The 32-item consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research checklist was utilised. Findings: The central finding in this study concerned the locus of control, as well as findings on burden of care and the role of the nurse. A stark incongruence of beliefs among patient, family and State was identified. Conclusion: Nurses must learn to circumnavigate the complex terrain involved in supporting the older adult's advance decision-making and advance healthcare directives.

DOI 10.12968/bjcn.2023.28.8.376
2023 Wade L, Beauchamp MRR, Nathan N, Smith JJJ, Leahy AAA, Kennedy SGG, Boyer J, Bao R, Diallo TMO, Vidal-Conti J, Lubans DRR, 'Investigating the direct and indirect effects of a school-based leadership program for primary school students: Rationale and study protocol for the 'Learning to Lead' cluster randomised controlled trial', PLOS ONE, 18 (2023)
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0279661
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 1
Co-authors David Lubans, Angus Leahy, Nicole Nathan, Levi Wade, Jordan Smith
2022 Kable TJ, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Shields N, Noetel M, Lonsdale C, Hillman CH, Reeves P, Oldmeadow C, Kennedy SG, Boyer J, Stimpson L, Comis P, Roche L, Lubans DR, 'Time-efficient physical activity intervention for older adolescents with disability: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La) cluster randomised controlled trial', BMJ OPEN, 12 (2022)
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065321
Citations Scopus - 2
Co-authors Narelle Eather, Christopher Oldmeadow, Jordan Smith, Laura Roche, David Lubans, Angus Leahy
2022 Lubans DR, Sanders T, Noetel M, Parker P, McKay H, Morgan PJ, Salmon J, Kirwan M, Bennie A, Peralta L, Cinelli R, Moodie M, Hartwig T, Boyer J, Kennedy SG, Plotnikoff RC, Hansen V, Vasconcellos D, Lee J, Antczak D, Lonsdale C, 'Scale-up of the Internet-based Professional Learning to help teachers promote Activity in Youth (iPLAY) intervention: a hybrid type 3 implementation-effectiveness trial', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 19 (2022) [C1]
DOI 10.1186/s12966-022-01371-4
Citations Scopus - 4Web of Science - 4
Co-authors David Lubans, Philip Morgan, Ron Plotnikoff
2022 Wade L, Leahy AA, Babic MJ, Beauchamp MR, Smith JJ, Kennedy SG, Boyer J, Nathan N, Robinson K, Lubans DR, 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of the benefits of school-based, peer-led interventions for leaders', SCIENTIFIC REPORTS, 12 (2022) [C1]

The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantitatively synthesise the effects of school-based peer-led interventions on leaders' academic, psychosocial, beh... [more]

The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to quantitatively synthesise the effects of school-based peer-led interventions on leaders' academic, psychosocial, behavioural, and physical outcomes. Eligible studies were those that: (i) evaluated a school-based peer-led intervention using an experimental or quasi-experimental study design, (ii) included an age-matched control or comparison group, and (iii) evaluated the impact of the intervention on one or more leader outcomes. Medline, Sportdiscus, Psychinfo, Embase, and Scopus online databases were searched on the 24th of October, 2022 which yielded 13,572 results, with 31 included in the narrative synthesis and 12 in the meta-analysis. We found large positive effects for leaders' attitudes toward bullying (d = 1.02), small-to-medium positive effects for leaders' literacy (d = 0.39), and small positive effects for leaders' self-esteem (d = 0.18). There were mixed findings for behavioural outcomes and null effects for physical outcomes. Notable limitations of this research are the inclusion of a relatively small number of studies, and high heterogeneity in those included. Our findings have the potential to inform educational practice, but also highlight the need for further research examining the mechanisms that might account for the observed effects. Our systematic review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021273129).

DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-25662-9
Citations Scopus - 4Web of Science - 2
Co-authors Nicole Nathan, Levi Wade, Jordan Smith, David Lubans, Katie Robinson, Angus Leahy, Mark Babic
2022 Stabelini Neto A, dos Santos GC, da Silva JM, Correa RC, da Mata LBF, Barbosa RDO, Zampier Ulbrich A, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR, 'Improving physical activity behaviors, physical fitness, cardiometabolic and mental health in adolescents-ActTeens Program: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial', PLOS ONE, 17 (2022)
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0272629
Citations Scopus - 1Web of Science - 5
Co-authors David Lubans
2021 Riley N, Mavilidi M, Kennedy S, Morgan P, Lubans D, 'Dissemination of Thinking while Moving in Maths: Implementation Barriers and Facilitators', Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 6 1-12 (2021) [C1]
DOI 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000148
Co-authors Philip Morgan, David Lubans, Nicholas Riley
2021 Leahy AA, Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Eather N, Boyer J, Thomas M, Shields N, Dascombe B, Lubans DR, 'Feasibility of a school-based physical activity intervention for adolescents with disability', PILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIES, 7 (2021) [C1]

Background: Adolescents with disability are less active and have lower levels of physical fitness than their typically developing peers. Schools are ideal settings to address this... [more]

Background: Adolescents with disability are less active and have lower levels of physical fitness than their typically developing peers. Schools are ideal settings to address this; however, few school-based interventions have been designed and evaluated among this group. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study was to determine the feasibility of a time-efficient school-based physical activity intervention for adolescents with disability. Methods: A non-randomized pilot trial was conducted with adolescents in the special education unit at one secondary school in New South Wales, Australia. Sixteen grade 11 and 12 students (aged 17.3 ± 0.7 years) participated in the 2-month physical activity intervention. Two classroom teachers were trained to facilitate the delivery of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program, known as Burn 2 Learn adapted (B2La). Teachers were asked to deliver 2¿3 weekly HIIT sessions for a period of 2 months. Four domains of feasibility (acceptability, implementation, adaptability, and practicality) were assessed using quantitative measures at the student and teacher levels (e.g., observations, process evaluation questionnaires, and heart rate [HR] monitoring). Data were also collected from three learning and support teachers who assisted classroom teachers with intervention delivery. Preliminary efficacy of the intervention on measures of adolescents' functional capacity (6-min walk/run test) and muscular fitness (sit-to-stand test and modified push-up test) were analyzed using paired sample t-tests. Results: Moderate-to-high levels of program satisfaction were reported by both students (80% rated "Good" or "Excellent") and teachers (100% rated "Good" or "Excellent"). Teachers reported delivering 2.5 ± 0.7 sessions per week during the study. Based on researcher session observations, the program was delivered effectively by teachers (14/20). However, HR data indicated session intensity was lower than intended. The program was considered "adaptable" by teachers, with several observed modifications to HIIT sessions to cater for the needs of adolescents with disability. No adverse events were reported. We observed improvements in preliminary efficacy measures. Conclusions: Our findings suggest it is feasible to train teachers to deliver a school-based HIIT program for adolescents with disability. Evaluation of B2La within a larger-scale effectiveness trial is warranted. Trial registration: ACTRN12621000219886.

DOI 10.1186/s40814-021-00857-5
Citations Scopus - 9Web of Science - 7
Co-authors Angus Leahy, Jordan Smith, David Lubans, Narelle Eather
2021 Riley N, 'Dissemination of Thinking while Moving in Maths: Implementation Barriers and Facilitators', Translational Journal of American College of sports Medicine, Winter 2021 Volume 6 (2021) [C1]
Citations Web of Science - 9
Co-authors Philip Morgan, Nicholas Riley, David Lubans
2021 Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Eather N, Leahy AA, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Nilsson M, Kennedy SG, Holliday EG, Weaver N, Noetel M, Shigeta TT, Mavilidi MF, Valkenborghs SR, Gyawali P, Walker FR, Costigan SA, Hillman CH, 'Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents' cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the 'Burn 2 Learn' cluster randomised controlled trial', BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 55, 751-+ (2021) [C1]

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important marker of current and future health status. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a time-efficient ... [more]

Background Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important marker of current and future health status. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a time-efficient school-based intervention on older adolescents' CRF. Methods Two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in two cohorts (February 2018 to February 2019 and February 2019 to February 2020) in New South Wales, Australia. Participants (N=670, 44.6% women, 16.0±0.43 years) from 20 secondary schools: 10 schools (337 participants) were randomised to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention and 10 schools (333 participants) to the control. Teachers in schools allocated to the B2L intervention were provided with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) activity breaks during curriculum time. Teachers and students in the control group continued their usual practice. The primary outcome was CRF (20 m multi-stage fitness test). Secondary outcomes were muscular fitness, physical activity, hair cortisol concentrations, mental health and cognitive function. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end-point) and 12 months. Effects were estimated using mixed models accounting for clustering. Results We observed a group-by-time effect for CRF (difference=4.1 laps, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.4) at the primary end-point (6 months), but not at 12 months. At 6 months, group-by-time effects were found for muscular fitness, steps during school hours and cortisol. Conclusions Implementing HIIT during curricular time improved adolescents' CRF and several secondary outcomes. Our findings suggest B2L is unlikely to be an effective approach unless teachers embed sessions within the school day. Trial registration number Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000293268).

DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103277
Citations Scopus - 5Web of Science - 50
Co-authors David Lubans, Michael Nilsson, Rohan Walker, Ron Plotnikoff, Jordan Smith, Sarah Valkenborghs, Philip Morgan, Narelle Eather, Angus Leahy, Liz Holliday
2021 Mavilidi MF, Mason C, Leahy AA, Kennedy SG, Eather N, Hillman CH, Morgan PJ, Lonsdale C, Wade L, Riley N, Heemskerk C, Lubans DR, 'Effect of a Time-Efficient Physical Activity Intervention on Senior School Students' On-Task Behaviour and Subjective Vitality: the 'Burn 2 Learn' Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial', EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW, 33, 299-323 (2021) [C1]
DOI 10.1007/s10648-020-09537-x
Citations Scopus - 3Web of Science - 38
Co-authors Angus Leahy, Levi Wade, Nicholas Riley, David Lubans, Philip Morgan, Narelle Eather
2021 Chabrera C, Dobrowolska B, Jackson C, Kane R, Kasimovskaya N, Kennedy S, Lovric R, Palese A, Treslova M, Cabrera E, 'Simulation in Nursing Education Programs: Findings From an International Exploratory Study', Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 59, 23-31 (2021)
DOI 10.1016/j.ecns.2021.05.004
2021 Kennedy SG, Sanders T, Estabrooks PA, Smith JJ, Lonsdale C, Foster C, Lubans DR, 'Implementation at-scale of school-based physical activity interventions: A systematic review utilizing the RE-AIM framework', OBESITY REVIEWS, 22 (2021) [C1]
DOI 10.1111/obr.13184
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 24
Co-authors Jordan Smith, David Lubans
2020 Janssen A, Leahy AA, Diallo TMO, Smith JJ, Kennedy SG, Eather N, Mavilidi MF, Wagemakers A, Babic MJ, Lubans DR, 'Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and mental health in older adolescents: A multi-level cross-sectional analysis', PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, 132 (2020) [C1]
DOI 10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105985
Citations Scopus - 4Web of Science - 35
Co-authors Angus Leahy, David Lubans, Jordan Smith, Mark Babic, Narelle Eather
2020 Montgomery T, Harshman J, Kennedy S, Richards K, Shaw M, 'Increasing Confidence through the Development of a Transition-to-Practice Orientation Program for the Experienced Nurse', Journal for Nurses in Professional Development, 36, E11-E17 (2020) [C1]

A formalized orientation program for experienced nurses was modeled after a program for new graduate nurses. Within a year, experienced nurses rotated through teaching stations, i... [more]

A formalized orientation program for experienced nurses was modeled after a program for new graduate nurses. Within a year, experienced nurses rotated through teaching stations, including simulations of shock and respiratory failure. Participants completed pre- and postsurveys and scored self-confidence on a Likert scale. Surveys showed a significant increase in participants' confidence related to elements in their new role. Future plans include a retention rate comparison of participants in this program versus nonparticipants.

DOI 10.1097/NND.0000000000000661
Citations Scopus - 4
2020 Faria WF, Mendonça FR, Santos GC, Kennedy SG, Elias RGM, Stabelini Neto A, 'Effects of 2 Methods of Combined Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial.', Pediatric Exercise Science, 32 217-226 (2020) [C1]
DOI 10.1123/pes.2020-0016
Citations Scopus - 9Web of Science - 7
2020 Kennedy SG, Leahy AA, Smith JJ, Eather N, Hillman CH, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Boyer J, Lubans DR, 'Process Evaluation of a School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Program for Older Adolescents: The Burn 2 Learn Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial', CHILDREN-BASEL, 7 (2020) [C1]
DOI 10.3390/children7120299
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 20
Co-authors David Lubans, Philip Morgan, Ron Plotnikoff, Jordan Smith, Narelle Eather, Angus Leahy
2020 Reilly KL, Kennedy S, Porter G, Estabrooks P, 'Comparing, Contrasting, and Integrating Dissemination and Implementation Outcomes Included in the RE-AIM and Implementation Outcomes Frameworks', Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-9 (2020) [C1]
DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00430
Citations Scopus - 5Web of Science - 4
Co-authors Kathryn L Reilly
2019 Murphy ML, Lubans DR, Cohen KE, Robards SL, Wilczynska M, Kennedy SG, James EL, Brown WJ, Courneya KS, Sigal RJ, Plotnikoff RC, 'Preliminary efficacy and feasibility of referral to exercise specialists, psychologists and provision of a technology-based behavior change support package to promote physical activity in school teachers 'at risk' of, or diagnosed with, type 2 diabetes: The 'SMART Health' Pilot Study Protocol', CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL TRIALS, 78, 53-62 (2019)
DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2019.01.007
Citations Scopus - 3Web of Science - 3
Co-authors Erica James, David Lubans, Ron Plotnikoff, Magdalena Wilczynska
2019 Kennedy SG, Peralta LR, Lubans DR, Foweather L, Smith JJ, 'Implementing a school-based physical activity program: process evaluation and impact on teachers' confidence, perceived barriers and self-perceptions', PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT PEDAGOGY, 24, 233-248 (2019) [C1]

Introduction: Secondary schools have the potential to promote health-related fitness (HRF) and physical activity within and outside school hours. As such, schools are often chosen... [more]

Introduction: Secondary schools have the potential to promote health-related fitness (HRF) and physical activity within and outside school hours. As such, schools are often chosen as the setting to implement child and adolescent physical activity programs. School-based programs often utilise teachers as delivery agents, but few studies examine effects on teacher-level outcomes. Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to determine the impact of teacher training embedded within a physical activity intervention on teacher-level outcomes. The secondary aim of this study was to evaluate process data, including implementation, satisfaction and fidelity. Methods:Resistance Training for Teens (RT for Teens) was evaluated using a cluster randomised controlled trial in 16 secondary schools. Teachers (N = 44; 48% female/52% male; mean ± SD years teaching experience = 10.6 ± 8.0) from 16 secondary schools were assessed at baseline. Intervention group teachers (i.e. from eight schools) delivered a structured school-based physical activity program over 10-weeks. Teacher outcomes included confidence to teach health-related fitness (HRF) activities, perceived barriers to teaching HRF activities, and perceived fitness. Detailed process evaluation data were also collected. Assessments were conducted at baseline and 6-months (post-program), and outcomes were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: There was a positive group-by-time effect for the confidence composite score (p =.010, partial eta squared = 0.29), but no effects for the two (contextual, interpersonal) barrier composite scores. Also, there was a significant effect for perceived 'general fitness' (p = 0.044, partial eta squared = 0.13), but not for specific fitness subdomains. Teachers were highly satisfied with both the training and the program, believing it was beneficial for students. Resource usage and adherence to the SAAFE (Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair, Enjoyable) delivery principles was high. Conclusion:RT for Teens improved teachers' confidence and perceived fitness. These findings highlight the potential for high-quality teacher training and program delivery to positively influence teacher-level outcomes. This may provide support for the use of teacher professional development to improve HRF-related pedagogy.

DOI 10.1080/17408989.2019.1571182
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 17
Co-authors David Lubans, Jordan Smith
2019 Leahy AA, Eather N, Smith JJ, Hillman C, Morgan PJ, Nilsson M, Lonsdale C, Plotnikoff RC, Noetel M, Holliday E, Shigeta TT, Costigan SA, Walker FR, Young S, Valkenborghs SR, Gyawali P, Harris N, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR, 'School-based physical activity intervention for older adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the Burn 2 Learn cluster randomised controlled trial', BMJ OPEN, 9 (2019)
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026029
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 21
Co-authors Angus Leahy, Sarah Valkenborghs, Philip Morgan, David Lubans, Ron Plotnikoff, Jordan Smith, Liz Holliday, Michael Nilsson, Rohan Walker, Narelle Eather
2019 Plotnikoff RC, Costigan SA, Kennedy SG, Robards SL, Germov J, Wild C, 'Efficacy of interventions targeting alcohol, drug and smoking behaviors in university and college students: A review of randomized controlled trials', JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH, 67, 68-84 (2019) [C1]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeting alcohol consumption, drug use and smoking for college/university students.Participants: College/University stud... [more]

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of interventions targeting alcohol consumption, drug use and smoking for college/university students.Participants: College/University students.Methods: Studies were eligible if: (1)included students attending universities/colleges; (2)implemented in a university/college setting; (3)aimed to improve at least one of the following behaviors: alcohol and/or drug use and/or smoking; (4)were RCTs. The effect of the interventions on behaviors was determined by the percentage of studies that reported an effect. Due to the heterogeneity of outcomes meta-analysis was not conducted.Results: 88 studies met criteria. University-based interventions were effective for reducing alcohol-related outcomes (drinking patterns, BAC, consequences, problem drinking). Inconsistent findings for drug and smoking were observed.Conclusions: University-based interventions have the potential to improve health for students. While there is a breadth of research examining the efficacy of interventions to reduce alcohol consumption, further research is needed to determine the best approach for addressing smoking and drug use among students.

DOI 10.1080/07448481.2018.1462821
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 26
Co-authors Ron Plotnikoff
2018 Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Hansen V, Mirte L, Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, 'Implementing Resistance Training in Secondary Schools: An Exploration of Teachers' Perceptions', Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, 3 85-96 (2018) [C1]
DOI 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000063
Co-authors Philip Morgan, David Lubans, Jordan Smith
2018 Kennedy SG, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Peralta LR, Hilland TA, Eather N, Lonsdale C, Okely AD, Plotnikoff RC, Salmon J, Dewar DL, Estabrooks PA, Pollock E, Finn TL, Lubans DR, 'Implementing Resistance Training in Secondary Schools: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial', MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE, 50, 62-72 (2018) [C1]

Purpose: Guidelines recommend that young people engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least 3 dIwkj1. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-bas... [more]

Purpose: Guidelines recommend that young people engage in muscle-strengthening activities on at least 3 dIwkj1. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a school-based intervention focused on resistance training (RT) for adolescents. Methods: The ''Resistance Training for Teens'' intervention was evaluated using a cluster-randomized, controlled trial with 607 adolescents (50.1% girls; 14.1 T 0.5 yr) from 16 secondary schools. Teachers were trained to deliver the intervention, which included the following: (i) an interactive student seminar; (ii) a structured physical activity program, focused on RT; (iii) lunchtime fitness sessions; and (iv) Web-based smartphone apps. The primary outcome was muscular fitness (MF) and secondary outcomes included body mass index, RT skill competency, flexibility, physical activity, self-efficacy, and motivation. Assessments were conducted at baseline, 6 months (postprogram; primary end point), and 12 months (follow-up). Outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models, with three potential moderators tested using interaction terms (and subgroup analyses where appropriate). Results: For the primary outcome (MF), a group-time effect was observed at 6 months for the upper body (2.0 repetitions; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-3.2), but not the lower body (j1.4 cm; 95% CI, j4.7-1.9). At 6 months, there were intervention effects for RT skill competency and self-efficacy, but no other secondary outcomes. Effects for upper body MF and RT skill competency were sustained at 12 months. Despite overall no effect for body mass index, there was a group-time effect at 12 months among students whowere overweight/obese at baseline (j0.55 kgImj2; 95% CI, j1.01 toj0.08). Conclusions: The school-based RT intervention resulted in immediate and sustained improvements in upper body MF and RT skill competency, demonstrating an effective and scalable approach to delivering RT within secondary schools.

DOI 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001410
Citations Scopus - 6Web of Science - 38
Co-authors Philip Morgan, Jordan Smith, Ron Plotnikoff, Narelle Eather, David Lubans, Emma R Pollock
2018 Smith JJ, Beauchamp MR, Faulkner G, Morgan PJ, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR, 'Intervention effects and mediators of well-being in a school-based physical activity program for adolescents: The 'Resistance Training for Teens' cluster RCT', MENTAL HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 15, 88-94 (2018) [C1]

Objective: To examine the impact of a school-based physical activity intervention on adolescents' self-esteem and subjective well-being, and to explore moderators and mediato... [more]

Objective: To examine the impact of a school-based physical activity intervention on adolescents' self-esteem and subjective well-being, and to explore moderators and mediators of intervention effects. Methods: Resistance Training for Teens was evaluated using a cluster RCT in 16 schools located in New South Wales, Australia. Adolescents (N = 508; 14.1 ± 0.5 years; 49.6% female) completed measures of global self-esteem, subjective well-being, and hypothesized mediators (i.e., perceived fitness, resistance training self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation) at baseline (April¿June, 2015) and post-intervention (October¿December). The school-based physical activity program was delivered by teachers over 10-weeks via Physical Education, co-curricular school sport, or an elective subject known as Physical Activity and Sport Studies, and involved once-weekly fitness sessions and additional lunch-time sessions. Intervention effects and moderator analyses were tested using multi-level linear regression analyses with interaction terms. Multi-level mediation analyses were used to explore potential mediators of changes in well-being outcomes. Results: Intervention effects for self-esteem (ß = 0.05, p =.194) and wellbeing (ß = 0.03, p =.509) were not statistically significant. Moderator analyses showed effects for self-esteem were greater for the overweight/obese subgroup (p =.069 for interaction), and resistance training self-efficacy was a significant mediator of changes in self-esteem (product-of-coefficients [AB] = 0.021, SE = 0.010, 95% CIs = 0.002 to 0.040). No other significant indirect effects were observed. Conclusion: Overall, Resistance Training for Teens did not improve adolescents' self-esteem or subjective well-being. However, our mediation findings lend support to resistance training self-efficacy as a mechanism explaining the positive effect of resistance training on self-esteem.

DOI 10.1016/j.mhpa.2018.08.002
Citations Scopus - 2Web of Science - 18
Co-authors Jordan Smith, David Lubans, Philip Morgan
2018 Smith JJ, DeMarco M, Kennedy SG, Kelson M, Barnett LM, Faigenbaum AD, Lubans DR, 'Prevalence and correlates of resistance training skill competence in adolescents', JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 36, 1241-1249 (2018) [C1]

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of adolescents' resistance training (RT) skill competence. Participants were 548 adolescents (14.1¿±¿0.5¿yea... [more]

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence and correlates of adolescents' resistance training (RT) skill competence. Participants were 548 adolescents (14.1¿±¿0.5¿years) from 16 schools in New South Wales, Australia. RT skills were assessed using the Resistance Training Skills Battery. Demographics, BMI, muscular fitness, perceived strength, RT self-efficacy, and motivation for RT were also assessed. The proportion demonstrating "competence" and "near competence" in each of the six RT skills were calculated and sex differences explored. Associations between the combined RT skill score and potential correlates were examined using multi-level linear mixed models. Overall, the prevalence of competence was low (range¿=¿3.3% to 27.9%). Females outperformed males on the squat, lunge and overhead press, whereas males performed better on the push-up (p¿<.05). Significant associations were seen for a number of correlates, which largely differed by sex. Muscular fitness was moderately and positively associated with RT skills among both males (ß¿=¿0.34, 95%CIs¿=¿0.23 to 0.46) and females (ß¿=¿0.36, 95%CIs¿=¿0.23 to 0.48). Our findings support a link between RT skills and muscular fitness. Other associations were statistically significant but small in magnitude, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously.

DOI 10.1080/02640414.2017.1370822
Citations Scopus - 1Web of Science - 11
Co-authors Jordan Smith, David Lubans
2017 Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Peralta L, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Salmon J, et al., 'Rationale, study protocol and baseline findings from the NEAT and ATLAS 2.0 cluster randomised controlled trial and dissemination study', Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20 e39-e39 (2017)
DOI 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.110
2017 Rhodes RE, Lubans DR, Karunamuni N, Kennedy S, Plotnikoff R, 'Factors associated with participation in resistance training: a systematic review', BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 51, 1466-+ (2017) [C1]

Objective Regular participation in resistance training (RT) is critical to health and recommended in most international physical activity guidelines. Few people, however, particip... [more]

Objective Regular participation in resistance training (RT) is critical to health and recommended in most international physical activity guidelines. Few people, however, participate in RT. The purpose of this review was to assess the demographic, behavioural, intrapersonal, interpersonal and environmental factors associated with participating in RT. Data sources Eligible studies were from English peer-reviewed published articles that examined correlates or determinants of RT in adult samples. Searches were performed from August 2015 to April 2016 in six databases. Results We identified 51 independent data sets, from nine countries, primarily of moderate to high quality, and 23 factors related to participating in RT. Education, perceived health status, quality of life, affective judgements, self-efficacy, intention, self-regulation behaviours, subjective norm and programme leadership were associated with RT. Conclusion Low education levels and poor health status were associated with low participation rates in RT. Intrapersonal factors including affective judgements, self-efficacy, and self-regulation behaviours, and interpersonal factors including subjective norms and programme leadership may be important for promoting RT behaviours.

DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096950
Citations Scopus - 8Web of Science - 61
Co-authors David Lubans, Ron Plotnikoff
2016 Lubans DR, Smith JJ, Peralta LR, Plotnikoff RC, Okely AD, Salmon J, Eather N, Dewar DL, Kennedy S, Lonsdale C, Hilland TA, Estabrooks P, Finn TL, Pollock E, Morgan PJ, 'A school-based intervention incorporating smartphone technology to improve health-related fitness among adolescents: rationale and study protocol for the NEAT and ATLAS 2.0 cluster randomised controlled trial and dissemination study', BMJ OPEN, 6 (2016)
DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010448
Citations Scopus - 3Web of Science - 31
Co-authors Emma R Pollock, Philip Morgan, Ron Plotnikoff, David Lubans, Narelle Eather, Jordan Smith
2015 Costigan SA, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Taaffe DR, Pollock E, Kennedy SG, Lubans DR, 'Preliminary efficacy and feasibility of embedding high intensity interval training into the school day: A pilot randomized controlled trial', Preventive Medicine Reports, 2, 973-979 (2015) [C1]

Current physical activity and fitness levels among adolescents are low, increasing the risk of chronic disease. Although the efficacy of high intensity interval training (HIIT) fo... [more]

Current physical activity and fitness levels among adolescents are low, increasing the risk of chronic disease. Although the efficacy of high intensity interval training (HIIT) for improving metabolic health is now well established, it is not known if this type of activity can be effective to improve adolescent health. The primary aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness and feasibility of embedding HIIT into the school day. A 3-arm pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted in one secondary school in Newcastle, Australia. Participants (n= 65; mean age = 15.8(0.6) years) were randomized into one of three conditions: aerobic exercise program (AEP) (n = 21), resistance and aerobic exercise program (RAP) (n = 22) and control (n = 22). The 8-week intervention consisted of three HIIT sessions per week (8-10. min/session), delivered during physical education (PE) lessons or at lunchtime. Assessments were conducted at baseline and post-intervention to detect changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (multi-stage shuttle-run), muscular fitness (push-up, standing long jump tests), body composition (Body Mass Index (BMI), BMI-z scores, waist circumference) and physical activity motivation (questionnaire), by researchers blinded to treatment allocation. Intervention effects for outcomes were examined using linear mixed models, and Cohen's d effect sizes were reported. Participants in the AEP and RAP groups had moderate intervention effects for waist circumference (p = 0.024), BMI-z (p = 0.037) and BMI (not significant) in comparison to the control group. A small intervention effect was also evident for cardiorespiratory fitness in the RAP group.

DOI 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.11.001
Citations Scopus - 7
Co-authors Narelle Eather, David Lubans, Ron Plotnikoff, Emma R Pollock
2015 Plotnikoff RC, Costigan SA, Williams RL, Hutchesson MJ, Kennedy SG, Robards SL, Allen J, Collins CE, Callister R, Germov J, 'Effectiveness of interventions targeting physical activity, nutrition and healthy weight for university and college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, 12 (2015) [C1]

To examine the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving physical activity, diet, and/or weight-related behaviors amongst university/college students. Five online database... [more]

To examine the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving physical activity, diet, and/or weight-related behaviors amongst university/college students. Five online databases were searched (January 1970 to April 2014). Experimental study designs were eligible for inclusion. Data extraction was performed by one reviewer using a standardized form developed by the researchers and checked by a second reviewer. Data were described in a narrative synthesis and meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate. Study quality was also established. Forty-one studies were included; of these, 34 reported significant improvements in one of the key outcomes. Of the studies examining physical activity 18/29 yielded significant results, with meta-analysis demonstrating significant increases in moderate physical activity in intervention groups compared to control. Of the studies examining nutrition, 12/24 reported significantly improved outcomes; only 4/12 assessing weight loss outcomes found significant weight reduction. This appears to be the first systematic review of physical activity, diet and weight loss interventions targeting university and college students. Tertiary institutions are appropriate settings for implementing and evaluating lifestyle interventions, however more research is needed to improve such strategies.

DOI 10.1186/s12966-015-0203-7
Citations Scopus - 3Web of Science - 2
Co-authors Rebecca Haslam, Robin Callister, Ron Plotnikoff, Melinda Hutchesson, Clare Collins
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Grants and Funding

Summary

Number of grants 2
Total funding $194,155

Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.


20211 grants / $135,064

Transformational leadership program for children: The ‘Learning to Lead’ cluster randomised controlled trial$135,064

Funding body: NSW Department of Education

Funding body NSW Department of Education
Project Team Professor David Lubans, Associate Professor Nicole Nathan, Doctor Jordan Smith, Doctor Mark Babic, Miss Sarah Kennedy, Doctor Angus Leahy, Professor Mark Beauchamp, Mr Ran Bao
Scheme Prequalification Scheme: Performance and Management Services
Role Investigator
Funding Start 2021
Funding Finish 2022
GNo G2100687
Type Of Funding C2400 – Aust StateTerritoryLocal – Other
Category 2400
UON Y

20171 grants / $59,091

Redeveloping Resistance Training for Teens resources to support program dissemination$59,091

Funding body: NSW Department of Education

Funding body NSW Department of Education
Project Team Doctor Jordan Smith, Professor David Lubans, Miss Sarah Kennedy, Professor Philip Morgan, Mr Mike Noetel
Scheme Research Project
Role Investigator
Funding Start 2017
Funding Finish 2017
GNo G1701277
Type Of Funding C2200 - Aust Commonwealth – Other
Category 2200
UON Y
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Miss Sarah Kennedy

Position

Honorary Lecturer
PRC Physical Activity and Nutrition
School of Education
College of Human and Social Futures

Contact Details

Email sarah.kennedy@newcastle.edu.au
Phone (02) 49217439

Office

Room ATC-304
Building Advanced Technology Centre
Location Callaghan
University Drive
Callaghan, NSW 2308
Australia
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