2020 |
Robinson J, Witt K, Lamblin M, Spittal MJ, Carter G, Verspoor K, et al., 'Development of a Self-Harm Monitoring System for Victoria.', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (2020)
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2020 |
Brehaut E, Neupane D, Levis B, Wu Y, Sun Y, Krishnan A, et al., 'Depression prevalence using the HADS-D compared to SCID major depression classification: An individual participant data meta-analysis', Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 139 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Raftery D, Kelly PJ, Deane FP, Baker AL, Ingram I, Goh MCW, et al., 'Insight in substance use disorder: A systematic review of the literature', Addictive Behaviors, 111 (2020)
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Insight refers to a person's understanding of themselves and the world around them. Recent literature has explored people's insight into their substa... [more]
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Insight refers to a person's understanding of themselves and the world around them. Recent literature has explored people's insight into their substance use disorder (SUD) and how this is linked to treatment adherence, abstinence rates, and comorbid mental health symptoms. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesise and critically examine the existing literature on insight in SUD. Five academic databases (Medline, PsychINFO, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science) were searched for key terms related to insight and substance use. Included studies were on humans aged 18 years or over with SUD that examined the relationship between substance use and insight using a quantifiable measure of insight. Of 10,067 identified papers, 20 met the inclusion criteria, employing 13 different measures of insight. The most commonly used measure was the Hanil Alcohol Insight Scale (HAIS) which was the only measure designed for a substance use population and was specific to alcohol use. Based on a pooled sample from five studies (n = 585), 57% of participants had poor insight, 36% had fair insight, and 7% had good insight on the HAIS. Better insight was generally related to negative consequences from substance use, better treatment adherence and maintaining abstinence. Insight appears to be an important factor to consider within SUD. Exploring the most appropriate way to measure insight and assess its role in SUD has implications for intervention design, and engaging and maintaining people with SUD in treatment.
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2020 |
Clover K, Lambert SD, Oldmeadow C, Britton B, King MT, Mitchell AJ, Carter GL, 'Apples to apples? Comparison of the measurement properties of hospital anxiety and depression-anxiety subscale (HADS-A), depression, anxiety and stress scale-anxiety subscale (DASS-A), and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scale in an oncology setting using Rasch analysis and diagnostic accuracy statistics', Current Psychology, (2020)
© 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. A range of anxiety measures is used in oncology but their comparability is unknown. We examined variations i... [more]
© 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. A range of anxiety measures is used in oncology but their comparability is unknown. We examined variations in measurement across three commonly used instruments: Hospital Anxiety and Depression-Anxiety subscale (HADS-A); Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale - Anxiety subscale (DASS-A); and Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7). Participants (n = 164) completed the self-report measures and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder module of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). We performed Rasch analysis and calculated diagnostic accuracy statistics. Instruments measured similar constructs of anxiety, but had different ranges of measurement, with the HADS-A including lower severity symptoms than the other two measures. Anxiety severity was similar for GAD-7 ¿mild¿ and HADS-A ¿possible¿ categories, but ¿mild¿ anxiety on the DASS-A represented more severe symptoms. Conversely, DASS-A ¿severe¿ anxiety represented less intense symptoms than GAD-7 ¿severe¿ anxiety. Co-calibration indicated a score of eight on the HADS-A was equivalent in anxiety severity to scores of three on the DASS-A and six on the GAD-7. Area under the curve (AUC) was just acceptable for HADS-A and GAD-7 but not DASS-A. The HADS-A, DASS-A and GAD-7 displayed important differences in how they measured anxiety. In particular, categorical classifications of anxiety severity (mild/moderate/severe) were not equivalent across instruments. Thus, prevalence estimates of anxiety symptoms will vary as a consequence of the instrument used. The GAD-7 and HADS-A obtained more similar results and better AUC than the DASS-A. Our co-calibration could be used in future studies and meta-analyses of individual participant data to set cut-off points that provide more consistent classification of anxiety severity.
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2020 |
McKETIN R, Quinn B, Higgs P, Berk M, Dean OM, Turner A, et al., 'Clinical and demographic characteristics of people who smoke versus inject crystalline methamphetamine in Australia: Findings from a pharmacotherapy trial.', Drug Alcohol Rev, (2020)
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2020 |
Wu Y, Levis B, Riehm KE, Saadat N, Levis AW, Azar M, et al., 'Erratum: Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis - ERRATUM (Psychological medicine (2020) 50 8 (1368-1380))', Psychological medicine, 50 2816 (2020)
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2020 |
Walton CJ, Bendit N, Baker AL, Carter GL, Lewin TJ, 'A randomised trial of dialectical behaviour therapy and the conversational model for the treatment of borderline personality disorder with recent suicidal and/or non-suicidal self-injury: An effectiveness study in an Australian public mental health service', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54 1020-1034 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Chitty KM, Schumann JL, Schaffer A, Cairns R, Gonzaga NJ, Raubenheimer JE, et al., 'Australian Suicide Prevention using Health-Linked Data (ASHLi): Protocol for a population-based case series study', BMJ Open, 10 (2020)
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Introduction In Australia, suicide is... [more]
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. Introduction In Australia, suicide is the leading cause of death for people aged 15-44 years. Health professionals deliver most of our key suicide prevention strategies via health services, but other efficacious population-level strategies include means restriction and public awareness campaigns. Currently, we have no population-level data allowing us to determine which individuals, in what parts of Australia, are likely to use our most promising interventions delivered by health services. The aims of this study are to describe: (1) health service utilisation rates in the year prior to death by suicide, and how this varies by individual case characteristics; (2) prescribed medicines use in the year prior to death by suicide, medicines used in suicide by poisoning and how this varies by individual case characteristics. Methods and analysis This is a population-based case series study of all suicide cases in Australia identified through the National Coronial Information System (NCIS) from 2013 to 2019. Cases will be linked to administrative claims data detailing health service use and medicines dispensed in the year before death. We will also obtain findings from the coronial enquiry, including toxicology. Descriptive statistics will be produced to characterise health service and prescribed medicine use and how utilisation varies by age, sex, method of death and socioeconomic status. We will explore the geographical variability of health service and medicine use, highlighting regions in Australia associated with more limited access. Ethics and dissemination This project involves the use of sensitive and confidential data. Data will be linked using a third-party privacy-preserving protocol meaning that investigators will not have access to identifiable information once the data have been linked. Statistical analyses will be carried out in a secure environment. This study has been approved by the following ethics committees: (1) the Justice Department Human Research Ethics Committee (REF: CF/17/23250), (2) the Western Australian Coroners Court (REF: EC 14/18 M0400), (3) the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (REF: EO2017/4/366) and (4) NSW Population & Health Services Research Ethics Committee (REF: 2017/HRE1204). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and communicated to regulatory authorities, clinicians and policy-makers.
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2020 |
Fradgley EA, Byrnes E, McCarter K, Rankin N, Britton B, Clover K, et al., 'A cross-sectional audit of current practices and areas for improvement of distress screening and management in Australian cancer services: is there a will and a way to improve?', Supportive Care in Cancer, 28 249-259 (2020) [C1]
© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Background: It is unknown how many distressed patients receive the additional supportive care recommended by Austral... [more]
© 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. Background: It is unknown how many distressed patients receive the additional supportive care recommended by Australian evidence-based distress management guidelines. The study identifies the (1) distress screening practices of Australian cancer services; (2) barriers to improving practices; and (3) implementation strategies which are acceptable to service representatives interested in improving screening practices. Method: Clinic leads from 220 cancer services were asked to nominate an individual involved in daily patient care to complete a cross-sectional survey on behalf of the service. Questions related to service characteristics; screening and management processes; and implementation barriers. Respondents indicated which implementation strategies were suitable for their health service. Results: A total of 122 representatives participated from 83 services (51%). The majority of respondents were specialist nurses or unit managers (60%). Approximately 38% of representatives¿ services never or rarely screen; 52% who screen do so for all patients; 55% use clinical interviewing only; and 34% follow referral protocols. The most common perceived barriers were resources to action screening results (74%); lack of time (67%); and lack of staff training (66%). Approximately 65% of representatives were interested in improving practices. Of the 8 implementation strategies, workshops (85%) and educational materials (69%) were commonly selected. Over half (59%) indicated a multicomponent implementation program was preferable. Conclusions: Although critical gaps across all guideline components were reported, there is a broad support for screening and willingness to improve. Potential improvements include additional services to manage problems identified by screening, more staff time for screening, additional staff training, and use of patient-report measures.
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2020 |
Wu Y, Levis B, Riehm KE, Saadat N, Levis AW, Azar M, et al., 'Equivalency of the diagnostic accuracy of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis', Psychological Medicine, 50 1368-1380 (2020) [C1]
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019. Item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) queries about thoughts of death and self-harm, but not suicidality. Although it i... [more]
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019. Item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) queries about thoughts of death and self-harm, but not suicidality. Although it is sometimes used to assess suicide risk, most positive responses are not associated with suicidality. The PHQ-8, which omits Item 9, is thus increasingly used in research. We assessed equivalency of total score correlations and the diagnostic accuracy to detect major depression of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9.Methods We conducted an individual patient data meta-analysis. We fit bivariate random-effects models to assess diagnostic accuracy.Results 16 742 participants (2097 major depression cases) from 54 studies were included. The correlation between PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 scores was 0.996 (95% confidence interval 0.996 to 0.996). The standard cutoff score of 10 for the PHQ-9 maximized sensitivity + specificity for the PHQ-8 among studies that used a semi-structured diagnostic interview reference standard (N = 27). At cutoff 10, the PHQ-8 was less sensitive by 0.02 (-0.06 to 0.00) and more specific by 0.01 (0.00 to 0.01) among those studies (N = 27), with similar results for studies that used other types of interviews (N = 27). For all 54 primary studies combined, across all cutoffs, the PHQ-8 was less sensitive than the PHQ-9 by 0.00 to 0.05 (0.03 at cutoff 10), and specificity was within 0.01 for all cutoffs (0.00 to 0.01).Conclusions PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 total scores were similar. Sensitivity may be minimally reduced with the PHQ-8, but specificity is similar.
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2020 |
Levis B, Benedetti A, Ioannidis JPA, Sun Y, Negeri Z, He C, et al., 'Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores do not accurately estimate depression prevalence: individual participant data meta-analysis', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 122 115-128. (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Hankey GJ, Hackett ML, Almeida OP, Flicker L, Mead GE, Dennis MS, et al., 'Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial', The Lancet Neurology, 19 651-660 (2020)
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Background: Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed t... [more]
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd Background: Trials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to show if daily oral fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in an ethnically diverse population. Methods: AFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial done in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (four), and Vietnam (ten). Eligible patients were adults (aged =18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute stroke in the previous 2¿15 days, brain imaging consistent with ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke, and a persisting neurological deficit that produced a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 1 or more. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20 mg capsules or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, carers, investigators, and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional status, measured by the mRS, at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Primary and safety analyses were done according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611000774921. Findings: Between Jan 11, 2013, and June 30, 2019, 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42), and Vietnam (n=706), of whom 642 were randomly assigned to fluoxetine and 638 were randomly assigned to placebo. Mean duration of trial treatment was 167 days (SD 48·1). At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97%) patients in the fluoxetine group and 632 (99%) in the placebo group. The distribution of mRS categories was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0·94, 95% CI 0·76¿1·15; p=0·53). Compared with patients in the placebo group, patients in the fluoxetine group had more falls (20 [3%] vs seven [1%]; p=0·018), bone fractures (19 [3%] vs six [1%]; p=0·014), and epileptic seizures (ten [2%] vs two [<1%]; p=0·038) at 6 months. Interpretation: Oral fluoxetine 20 mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and epileptic seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve functional outcome after stroke. Funding: National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.
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2020 |
Campbell G, Darke S, Degenhardt L, Townsend H, Carter G, Draper B, et al., 'Prevalence and Characteristics Associated with Chronic Noncancer Pain in Suicide Decedents: A National Study', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50 778-791 (2020) [C1]
© 2020 The American Association of Suicidology Objective: The aims were to estimate the prevalence of CNCP in suicide decedents, and compare sociodemographic and clinical characte... [more]
© 2020 The American Association of Suicidology Objective: The aims were to estimate the prevalence of CNCP in suicide decedents, and compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of people who die by suicide (i) with and without a history of CNCP and (ii) among decedents with CNCP who are younger (<65¿years) and older (65¿+¿years). Method: We examined all closed cases of intentional deaths in Australia in 2014, utilizing the National Coronial Information System. Results: We identified 2,590 closed cases of intentional deaths in Australia in 2014 in decedents over 18¿years of age. CNCP was identified in 14.6% of cases. Decedents with CNCP were more likely to be older, have more mental health and physical health problems, and fewer relationship problems, and were more likely to die by poisoning from drugs, compared with decedents without CNCP. Comparisons of older and younger decedents with CNCP found that compared to younger (<65¿years) decedents with CNCP, older decedents (65¿+¿years) were less likely to have mental health problems. Conclusions: This is the first national study to examine the characteristics of suicide deaths with a focus on people with CNCP. Primary care physicians should be aware of the increased risk for suicide in people living with CNCP, and it may be useful for clinicians to screen for CNCP among those presenting with suicidal behaviors.
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2020 |
He C, Levis B, Riehm KE, Saadat N, Levis AW, Azar M, et al., 'The Accuracy of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Algorithm for Screening to Detect Major Depression: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis', Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89 25-37 (2020) [C1]
© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel. All rights reserved. Background: Screening for major depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) can be done using a cutoff or the PHQ-9... [more]
© 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel. All rights reserved. Background: Screening for major depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) can be done using a cutoff or the PHQ-9 diagnostic algorithm. Many primary studies publish results for only one approach, and previous meta-analyses of the algorithm approach included only a subset of primary studies that collected data and could have published results. Objective: To use an individual participant data meta-analysis to evaluate the accuracy of two PHQ-9 diagnostic algorithms for detecting major depression and compare accuracy between the algorithms and the standard PHQ-9 cutoff score of =10. Methods: Medline, Medline In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO, Web of Science (January 1, 2000, to February 7, 2015). Eligible studies that classified current major depression status using a validated diagnostic interview. Results: Data were included for 54 of 72 identified eligible studies (n participants = 16,688, n cases = 2,091). Among studies that used a semi-structured interview, pooled sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) were 0.57 (0.49, 0.64) and 0.95 (0.94, 0.97) for the original algorithm and 0.61 (0.54, 0.68) and 0.95 (0.93, 0.96) for a modified algorithm. Algorithm sensitivity was 0.22-0.24 lower compared to fully structured interviews and 0.06-0.07 lower compared to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Specificity was similar across reference standards. For PHQ-9 cutoff of =10 compared to semi-structured interviews, sensitivity and specificity (95% confidence interval) were 0.88 (0.82-0.92) and 0.86 (0.82-0.88). Conclusions: The cutoff score approach appears to be a better option than a PHQ-9 algorithm for detecting major depression.
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2020 |
Beck AK, Baker AL, Carter G, Wratten C, Bauer J, Wolfenden L, et al., 'Assessing adherence, competence and differentiation in a stepped-wedge randomised clinical trial of a complex behaviour change intervention', Nutrients, 12 1-18 (2020) [C1]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background: A key challenge in behavioural medicine is developing interventions that can be delivered adequately (i.e., w... [more]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background: A key challenge in behavioural medicine is developing interventions that can be delivered adequately (i.e., with fidelity) within real-world consultations. Accordingly, clinical trials should (but tend not to) report what is actually delivered (adherence), how well (competence) and the distinction between intervention and comparator conditions (differentiation). Purpose: To address this important clinical and research priority, we apply best practice guidelines to evaluate fidelity within a real-world, stepped-wedge evaluation of ¿EAT: Eating As Treatment¿, a new dietitian delivered health behaviour change intervention designed to reduce malnutrition in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods: Dietitians (n = 18) from five Australian hospitals delivered a period of routine care and following a randomly determined order each site received training and began delivering the EAT Intervention. A 20% random stratified sample of audio-recorded consultations (control n = 196; intervention n = 194) was coded by trained, independent, raters using a study specific checklist and the Behaviour Change Counselling Inventory. Intervention adherence and competence were examined relative to apriori benchmarks. Differentiation was examined by comparing control and intervention sessions (adherence, competence, non-specific factors, and dose), via multiple linear regression, logistic regression, or mixed-models. Results: Achievement of adherence benchmarks varied. The majority of sessions attained competence. Post-training consultations were clearly distinct from routine care regarding motivational and behavioural, but not generic, skills. Conclusions: Although what level of fidelity is ¿good enough¿ remains an important research question, findings support the real-world feasibility of integrating EAT into dietetic consultations with HNC patients and provide a foundation for interpreting treatment effects.
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2020 |
Wu Y, Levis B, Sun Y, Krishnan A, He C, Riehm KE, et al., 'Probability of major depression diagnostic classification based on the SCID, CIDI and MINI diagnostic interviews controlling for Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Depression subscale scores: An individual participant data meta-analysis of 73 primary studies', Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 129 (2020)
© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Objective: Two previous individual participant data meta-analyses (IPDMAs) found that different diagnostic interviews classify different proportions of people... [more]
© 2019 Elsevier Inc. Objective: Two previous individual participant data meta-analyses (IPDMAs) found that different diagnostic interviews classify different proportions of people as having major depression overall or by symptom levels. We compared the odds of major depression classification across diagnostic interviews among studies that administered the Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D). Methods: Data accrued for an IPDMA on HADS-D diagnostic accuracy were analysed. We fit binomial generalized linear mixed models to compare odds of major depression classification for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), controlling for HADS-D scores and participant characteristics with and without an interaction term between interview and HADS-D scores. Results: There were 15,856 participants (1942 [12%] with major depression) from 73 studies, including 15,335 (97%) non-psychiatric medical patients, 164 (1%) partners of medical patients, and 357 (2%) healthy adults. The MINI (27 studies, 7345 participants, 1066 major depression cases) classified participants as having major depression more often than the CIDI (10 studies, 3023 participants, 269 cases) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.70 (0.84, 3.43)) and the semi-structured SCID (36 studies, 5488 participants, 607 cases) (aOR = 1.52 (1.01, 2.30)). The odds ratio for major depression classification with the CIDI was less likely to increase as HADS-D scores increased than for the SCID (interaction aOR = 0.92 (0.88, 0.96)). Conclusion: Compared to the SCID, the MINI may diagnose more participants as having major depression, and the CIDI may be less responsive to symptom severity.
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2020 |
Berman AL, Carter G, 'Technological Advances and the Future of Suicide Prevention: Ethical, Legal, and Empirical Challenges', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 50 643-651 (2020) [C1]
© 2019 The American Association of Suicidology Technological advancements have brought multiple and diverse benefits to our human existence. In suicide prevention, new technologie... [more]
© 2019 The American Association of Suicidology Technological advancements have brought multiple and diverse benefits to our human existence. In suicide prevention, new technologies have spurred great interest in and reports of the applicability to assessing, monitoring, and intervening in various community and clinical populations. We argue in this article that we need to better understand the complexities of implementation of technological advances; especially the accuracy, effectiveness, safety, ethical, and legal issues, even as implementation occurs at individual, clinical, and population levels, in order to achieve that measure of public health impact we all desire (i.e., greater benefit than harm).
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2020 |
Jackson M, McGill K, Lewin TJ, Bryant J, Whyte I, Carter G, 'Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning in the older adult: Identifying specific clinical assessment needs', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 54 591-601 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
McGrath S, Zhao XF, Steele R, Thombs BD, Benedetti A, Levis B, et al., 'Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from commonly reported quantiles in meta-analysis', Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 29 2520-2537 (2020) [C1]
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2019 |
Stevens GJ, Hammond TE, Brownhill S, Anand M, de la Riva A, Hawkins J, et al., 'SMS SOS: a randomized controlled trial to reduce self-harm and suicide attempts using SMS text messaging', BMC PSYCHIATRY, 19 (2019)
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2019 |
Ishihara M, Harel D, Levis B, Levis AW, Riehm KE, Saadat N, et al., 'Shortening self-report mental health symptom measures through optimal test assembly methods: Development and validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Depression-4', Depression and Anxiety, 36 82-92 (2019) [C1]
© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Background: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a short form of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-report questi... [more]
© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Background: The objective of this study was to develop and validate a short form of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a self-report questionnaire for assessing depressive symptomatology, using objective criteria. Methods: Responses on the PHQ-9 were obtained from 7,850 English-speaking participants enrolled in 20 primary diagnostic test accuracy studies. PHQ unidimensionality was verified using confirmatory factor analysis, and an item response theory model was fit. Optimal test assembly (OTA) methods identified a maximally precise short form for each possible length between one and eight items, including and excluding the ninth item. The final short form was selected based on prespecified validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy criteria. Results: A four-item short form of the PHQ (PHQ-Dep-4) was selected. The PHQ-Dep-4 had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.805. Sensitivity and specificity of the PHQ-Dep-4 were 0.788 and 0.837, respectively, and were statistically equivalent to the PHQ-9 (sensitivity¿=¿0.761, specificity¿=¿0.866). The correlation of total scores with the full PHQ-9 was high (r¿=¿0.919). Conclusion: The PHQ-Dep-4 is a valid short form with minimal loss of information of scores when compared to the full-length PHQ-9. Although OTA methods have been used to shorten patient-reported outcome measures based on objective, prespecified criteria, further studies are required to validate this general procedure for broader use in health research. Furthermore, due to unexamined heterogeneity, there is a need to replicate the results of this study in different patient populations.
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2019 |
McGill K, Hiles SA, Handley TE, Page A, Lewin TJ, Whyte I, Carter GL, 'Is the reported increase in young female hospital-treated intentional self-harm real or artefactual?', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53 663-672 (2019) [C1]
© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2018. Background: The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has reported an increased rate of hospital-treated... [more]
© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2018. Background: The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare has reported an increased rate of hospital-treated intentional self-harm in young females (2000¿2012) in Australia. These reported increases arise from institutional data that are acknowledged to underestimate the true rate, although the degree of underestimation is not known. Objective: To consider whether the reported increase in young females¿ hospital-treated intentional self-harm is real or artefactual and specify the degree of institutional underestimation. Methods: Averages for age- and gender-standardised event rates for hospital-treated intentional self-harm (national: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; state: New South Wales Ministry of Health) were compared with sentinel hospital event rates for intentional self-poisoning (Hunter Area Toxicology Service, Calvary Mater Newcastle) in young people (15¿24 years) for the period 2000¿2012. A time series analysis of the event rates for the sentinel hospital was conducted. Results: The sentinel hospital event rates for young females of 444 per 100,000 were higher than the state (378 per 100,000) and national (331 per 100,000) rates. There was little difference in young male event rates ¿ sentinel unit: 166; state: 166 and national: 153 per 100,000. The sentinel hospital rates showed no change over time for either gender. Conclusion: There was no indication from the sentinel unit data of any increase in rates of intentional self-poisoning for young females. The sentinel and state rates were higher than the national rates, demonstrating the possible magnitude of underestimation of the national data. The reported increases in national rates of hospital-treated self-harm among young females might be due to artefactual factors, such as changes in clinical practice (greater proportion admitted), improved administrative coding of suicidal behaviours or possibly increased hospital presentations of community self-injury cases, but not intentional self-poisoning. A national system of sentinel units is needed for the accurate and timely monitoring of all hospital-treated self-harm.
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2019 |
McKetin R, Dean OM, Turner A, Kelly PJ, Quinn B, Lubman DI, et al., 'A study protocol for the N-ICE trial: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of the safety and efficacy of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) as a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine ("ice") dependence', TRIALS, 20 (2019)
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2019 |
Borruso LD, Buckley NA, Kirby KA, Carter G, Pilgrim JL, Chitty KM, 'Acute Alcohol Co-Ingestion and Hospital-Treated Deliberate Self-Poisoning: Is There an Effect on Subsequent Self-Harm?', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49 293-302 (2019) [C1]
© 2018 The American Association of Suicidology The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between alcohol co-ingestion in an index deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) epi... [more]
© 2018 The American Association of Suicidology The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between alcohol co-ingestion in an index deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) episode with repeated DSP and subsequent suicide. A retrospective cohort study was conducted involving 5,669 consecutive index presentations to a toxicology service following DSP between January 1, 1996, and October 31, 2010. Records were probabilistically matched to National Coronial Information System data to identify subsequent suicide. Index DSPs were categorized on co-ingestion of alcohol, and primary outcomes analyzed were repetition of any DSP, rates of repeated DSP, time to first repeat DSP, and subsequent suicide. Co-ingestion of alcohol occurred in 35.9% of index admissions. There was no difference between those who co-ingested alcohol (ALC+) and those who did not co-ingest alcohol (ALC-) in terms of proportion of repeat DSP, number of DSP events, or time to first repeat DSP event. Forty-one (1.0%) cases were probabilistically matched to a suicide death; there was no difference in the proportion of suicide between ALC+ and ALC- at 1 or 3¿years. There was no significant relationship between the co-ingestion of alcohol in an index DSP and subsequent repeated DSP or suicide. Clinically, this highlights the importance of mental health assessment of patients that present after DSP, irrespective of alcohol co-ingestion at the time of event.
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2019 |
Britton B, Baker AL, Wolfenden L, Wratten C, Bauer J, Beck AK, et al., 'A Randomised Controlled Trial of a Health Behaviour Change Intervention Provided by Dietitians to Improve Nutrition in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy (TROG 12.03) Reply', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS, 103 1283-1284 (2019)
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2019 |
Woodford R, Spittal MJ, Milner A, McGill K, Kapur N, Pirkis J, et al., 'Accuracy of Clinician Predictions of Future Self-Harm: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Predictive Studies', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49 23-40 (2019) [C1]
© 2017 The American Association of Suicidology Assessment of a patient after hospital-treated self-harm or psychiatric hospitalization often includes a risk assessment, resulting ... [more]
© 2017 The American Association of Suicidology Assessment of a patient after hospital-treated self-harm or psychiatric hospitalization often includes a risk assessment, resulting in a classification of high risk versus low risk for a future episode of self-harm. Through systematic review and a series of meta-analyses looking at unassisted clinician risk classification (eight studies; N¿=¿22,499), we found pooled estimates for sensitivity 0.31 (95% CI: 0.18¿0.50), specificity 0.85 (0.75¿0.92), positive predictive value 0.22 (0.21¿0.23), and negative predictive value 0.89 (0.86¿0.92). Clinician classification was too inaccurate to be clinically useful. After-care should therefore be allocated on the basis of a needs rather than risk assessment.
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2019 |
Beck AK, Forbes E, Baker AL, Britton B, Oldmeadow C, Carter G, 'Adapted motivational interviewing for brief healthcare consultations: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment fidelity in real-world evaluations of behaviour change counselling', BMJ OPEN, 9 (2019)
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2019 |
Witt K, Milner A, Spittal MJ, Hetrick S, Robinson J, Pirkis J, Carter G, 'Population attributable risk of factors associated with the repetition of self-harm behaviour in young people presenting to clinical services: a systematic review and meta-analysis', European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28 5-18 (2019) [C1]
© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. The repetition of hospital-treated self-harm by young people is common. However, little work has summarised the modi... [more]
© 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. The repetition of hospital-treated self-harm by young people is common. However, little work has summarised the modifiable factors associated with this. A thorough understanding of those factors most strongly associated with repetition could guide the development of relevant clinical interventions. We systematically reviewed four databases (EMBASE, Medline, PubMed and PsycINFO) until 15 April 2016 to identify all observational studies of factors for the repetition of self-harm or suicide reattempts (together referred to as ¿self-harm behaviour¿) in young people. We quantified the magnitude of association with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and calculated the population attributable risk (PAR) and population preventable fraction (PPF) for modifiable factors to provide an indication of the potential impact in reducing subsequent self-harm behaviour in this population. Seventeen studies were included comprising 10,726 participants. Borderline personality disorder (OR 3.47, 95% CI 1.84¿6.53; PAR 42.4%), any personality disorder (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.71¿3.78; PAR 16.3%), and any mood disorder (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.09¿4.29; PAR 42.2%) are important modifiable risk factors. Severity of hopelessness (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.74¿5.01), suicidal ideation (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.43¿2.81), and previous sexual abuse (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.02¿2.28; PAR 12.8%) are also associated with repetition of self-harm. We recommend that clinical services should focus on identifying key modifiable risk factors at the individual patient level, whilst the reduction of exposure to child and adolescent sexual abuse would also be a useful goal for public health interventions.
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2018 |
Carter G, Spittal MJ, 'Suicide Risk Assessment Risk Stratification Is Not Accurate Enough to Be Clinically Useful and Alternative Approaches Are Needed', CRISIS-THE JOURNAL OF CRISIS INTERVENTION AND SUICIDE PREVENTION, 39 229-234 (2018)
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2018 |
McCarter KL, Baker A, Britton B, Halpin S, Beck A, Carter G, et al., 'Head and neck cancer patient experience of a new dietitian-delivered health behaviour intervention: "You know you have to eat to survive ', SUPPORTIVE CARE IN CANCER, 26 2167-2175 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
McCarter KL, Baker A, Britton B, Beck A, Carter G, Bauer J, et al., 'Effectiveness of clinical practice change strategies in improving dietitian care for head and neck cancer patients according to evidence based clinical guidelines: A stepped wedge randomised controlled trial.', Translational Behavioral Medicine, 8 166-174 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Ghorbani F, Rahimi A, Farahani TF, Sani PSV, Lewin TJ, Carter GL, 'Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 2014 World Cup Impact on Hospital-Treated Suicide Attempt (Overdose) in Tehran', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 48 367-375 (2018) [C1]
© 2017 The American Association of Suicidology Social influences on suicidal behaviors may be important but are less frequently studied than the influences of mental illness, phys... [more]
© 2017 The American Association of Suicidology Social influences on suicidal behaviors may be important but are less frequently studied than the influences of mental illness, physical illness, and demographic variables. Major international sporting events may have an impact on suicidal behaviors at the national and local level, an effect possibly mediated by gender and age. We examined the association of hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning episodes (by gender and by age) in Tehran: before, during, and after the 2014 FIFA World Cup held in Brazil, in which the Iranian national team participated and was eliminated after the pool games. We used a time series analysis within an autoregressive integrated moving average model and found a significant increase in hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning during the 4-week period of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil in females but a nonsignificant increase in males. A significant increase was also seen in the youngest age group (12¿20¿years), but not in the two older age groups. If the effects of nonsuccess at major international sporting events could be shown to have a potential harmful effect on aggregate local or national rates of suicidal behaviors, the possibility of preventative interventions and preemptive additional service provision could be planned in advance of these events.
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2018 |
Clover K, Lambert SD, Oldmeadow C, Britton B, King MT, Mitchell AJ, Carter G, 'PROMIS depression measures perform similarly to legacy measures relative to a structured diagnostic interview for depression in cancer patients.', Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 27 1357-1367 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
Carter G, Page A, Large M, Hetrick S, Milner AJ, Bendit N, et al., 'Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guideline for the management of deliberate self-harm (vol 50, pg 939, 2016)', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 52 98-99 (2018)
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2018 |
McCarter K, Baker A, Britton B, Wolfenden L, Wratten C, bauer J, et al., 'Smoking, drinking, and depression: comorbidity in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy', Cancer Medicine, 7 2382-2390 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
Levis B, Benedetti A, Riehm KE, Saadat N, Levis AW, Azar M, et al., 'Probability of major depression diagnostic classification using semi-structured versus fully structured diagnostic interviews', BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 212 377-385 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
McCarter K, Britton B, Baker AL, Halpin SA, Beck AK, Carter G, et al., 'Interventions to improve screening and appropriate referral of patients with cancer for psychosocial distress: Systematic review', BMJ Open, 8 (2018) [C1]
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2017 |
Beck AK, Britton B, Baker A, Odelli C, Wratten C, Bauer J, et al., 'Preliminary report: training head and neck cancer dietitians in behaviour change counselling', Psycho-Oncology, 26 405-407 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Witt K, Spittal MJ, Carter G, Pirkis J, Hetrick S, Currier D, et al., 'Effectiveness of online and mobile telephone applications ('apps') for the self-management of suicidal ideation and self-harm: a systematic review and meta-analysis', BMC PSYCHIATRY, 17 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Larsen ME, Shand F, Morley K, Batterham PJ, Petrie K, Reda B, et al., 'A Mobile Text Message Intervention to Reduce Repeat Suicidal Episodes: Design and Development of Reconnecting After a Suicide Attempt (RAFT).', JMIR mental health, 4 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Large MM, Ryan CJ, Carter G, Kapur N, 'Can we usefully stratify patients according to suicide risk?', BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 359 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Clover KA, Rogers KM, Britton B, Oldmeadow C, Attia J, Carter GL, 'Reduced prevalence of pain and distress during 4 years of screening with QUICATOUCH in Australian oncology patients', European Journal of Cancer Care, 26 1-10 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Britton B, Baker A, Clover K, McElduff P, Wratten C, Carter G, 'Heads Up: a pilot trial of a psychological intervention to improve nutrition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, 26 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Sarjami S, Kolahi AA, Lewin T, Carter G, 'Postcards in Persia: A Twelve to Twenty-four Month Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial for Hospital-Treated Deliberate Self-Poisoning', Archives of Suicide Research, 21 138-154 (2017) [C1]
© 2017, Copyright © International Academy for Suicide Research. This study reports the outcomes, during follow-up, of a low-cost postcard intervention in a Randomized Control Tria... [more]
© 2017, Copyright © International Academy for Suicide Research. This study reports the outcomes, during follow-up, of a low-cost postcard intervention in a Randomized Control Trial of hospital-treated self-poisoning (n¿=¿2300). The intervention was 9 postcards over 12 months (plus usual treatment) versus usual treatment. Three binary endpoints at 12¿24 months (n¿=¿2001) were: any suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or self-cutting. There was a significant reduction in any suicidal ideation (RRR 0.20 CI 95% 0.13¿0.27), (NNT 8, 6¿13), and any suicide attempt (RRR 0.31, 0.06¿0.50), (NNT 35, 19¿195), in this non-western population. However, there was no effect on self-cutting (RRR -0.01, -1.05¿0.51). Sustained, brief contact by mail may reduce some forms of suicidal behavior in self-poisoning patients during the post intervention phase.
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2017 |
Milner A, Witt K, Pirkis J, Hetrick S, Robinson J, Currier D, et al., 'The effectiveness of suicide prevention delivered by GPs: A systematic review and meta-analysis', Journal of Affective Disorders, 210 294-302 (2017) [C1]
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Background The aim of this review was to assess whether suicide prevention provided in the primary health care setting and delivered by GPs results in fewer s... [more]
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. Background The aim of this review was to assess whether suicide prevention provided in the primary health care setting and delivered by GPs results in fewer suicide deaths, episodes of self-harm, attempts and lower frequency of thoughts about suicide. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using PRIMSA guidelines. Eligible studies: 1) evaluated an intervention provided by GPs; 2) assessed suicide, self-harm, attempted suicide or suicide ideation as outcomes, and; 3) used a quasi-experimental observational or trial design. Study specific effect sizes were combined using the random effects meta-analysis, with effects transformed into relative risk (RR). Results We extracted data from 14 studies for quantitative meta-analysis. The RR for suicide death in quasi-experimental observational studies comparing an intervention region against another region acting as a ¿control¿ was 1.26 (95% CI 0.58, 2.74). When suicide in the intervention region was compared before and after the GP program, the RR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.62, 0.97). There was no evidence of a treatment effect for GP training on rates of suicide death in one cRCT (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.79, 1.45). There was no evidence of effect for the most other outcomes studied. Limitations All of the studies included in this review are likely to have a high level of bias. It is also possible that we excluded or missed relevant studies in our review process Conclusions Interventions have produced equivocal results, which varied by study design and outcome. Given these results, we cannot recommend the roll out of GP suicide prevention initiatives.
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2017 |
McKetin R, Dean OM, Baker AL, Carter G, Turner A, Kelly PJ, Berk M, 'A potential role for N-acetylcysteine in the management of methamphetamine dependence', Drug and Alcohol Review, 36 153-159 (2017) [C1]
© 2016 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Methamphetamine dependence is a growing problem in Australia and globally. Currently, there are no approved pha... [more]
© 2016 Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs Methamphetamine dependence is a growing problem in Australia and globally. Currently, there are no approved pharmacotherapy options for the management of methamphetamine dependence. N-acetylcysteine is one potential pharmacotherapy option. It has received growing attention as a therapy for managing addictions because of its capacity to restore homeostasis to brain glutamate systems disrupted in addiction and thereby reduce craving and the risk of relapse. N-acetylcysteine also has antioxidant properties that protect against methamphetamine-induced toxicity and it may therefore assist in the management of the neuropsychiatric and neurocognitive effects of methamphetamine. This commentary overviews the actions of N-acetylcysteine and evidence for its efficacy in treating addiction with a particular focus on its potential utility for methamphetamine dependence. We conclude that the preliminary evidence indicates a need for full-scale trials to definitively establish whether N-acetylcysteine has a therapeutic benefit and the nature of this benefit, for managing methamphetamine dependence. [McKetin R, Dean O, Baker A. L, Carter G, Turner A, Kelly P. J, Berk M. A potential role for N-acetylcysteine in the management of methamphetamine dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:153¿159].
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2017 |
Carter G, Milner A, McGill K, Pirkis J, Kapur N, Spittal MJ, 'Predicting suicidal behaviours using clinical instruments: Systematic review and meta-analysis of positive predictive values for risk scales', British Journal of Psychiatry, 210 387-395 (2017) [C1]
© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. Background Prediction of suicidal behaviour is an aspirational goal for clinicians and policy makers; with patients classified as '... [more]
© The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017. Background Prediction of suicidal behaviour is an aspirational goal for clinicians and policy makers; with patients classified as 'high risk' to be preferentially allocated treatment. Clinical usefulness requires an adequate positive predictive value (PPV). Aims To identify studies of predictive instruments and to calculate PPV estimates for suicidal behaviours. Method A systematic review identified studies of predictive instruments. A series of meta-analyses produced pooled estimates of PPV for suicidal behaviours. Results For all scales combined, the pooled PPVs were: suicide 5.5% (95% CI 3.9-7.9%), self-harm 26.3% (95% CI 21.8-31.3%) and self-harm plus suicide 35.9% (95% CI 25.8-47.4%). Subanalyses on self-harm found pooled PPVs of 16.1% (95% CI 11.3-22.3%) for high-quality studies, 32.5% (95% CI 26.1-39.6%) for hospital-treated self-harm and 26.8% (95% CI 19.5-35.6%) for psychiatric in-patients. Conclusions No 'high-risk' classification was clinically useful. Prevalence imposes a ceiling on PPV. Treatment should reduce exposure to modifiable risk factors and offer effective interventions for selected subpopulations and unselected clinical populations.
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2016 |
McCarter K, Martinez U, Britton B, Baker A, Bonevski B, Carter G, et al., 'Smoking cessation care among patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review', BMJ OPEN, 6 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Hetrick SE, Robinson J, Spittal MJ, Carter G, 'Effective psychological and psychosocial approaches to reduce repetition of self-harm: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression', BMJ OPEN, 6 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Fernando I, Carter G, 'A case report using the mental state examination scale (MSES): A tool for measuring change in mental state', Australasian Psychiatry, 24 76-80 (2016) [C1]
© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015. Objective: There is a need for a simple and brief tool that can be used in routine clinical practice for the ... [more]
© The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015. Objective: There is a need for a simple and brief tool that can be used in routine clinical practice for the quantitative measurement of mental state across all diagnostic groups. The main utilities of such a tool would be to provide a global metric for the mental state examination, and to monitor the progression over time using this metric. Method: We developed the mental state examination scale (MSES), and used it in an acute inpatient setting in routine clinical work to test its initial feasibility. Results: Using a clinical case, the utility of MSES is demonstrated in this paper. When managing the patient described, the MSES assisted the clinician to assess the initial mental state, track the progress of the recovery, and make timely treatment decisions by quantifying the components of the mental state examination. Conclusion: MSES may enhance the quality of clinical practice for clinicians, and potentially serve as an index of universal mental healthcare outcome that can be used in clinical practice, service evaluation, and healthcare economics.
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2016 |
Xu Y, Hackett M, Carter G, Loo C, Gálvez V, Glozier N, et al., 'Effects of Low-Dose and Very Low-Dose Ketamine among Patients with Major Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 19 (2016) [C1]
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP. Background: Several recent trials indicate low-dose ketamine produces rapid antidepressant effects. Howe... [more]
© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP. Background: Several recent trials indicate low-dose ketamine produces rapid antidepressant effects. However, uncertainty remains in several areas: dose response, consistency across patient groups, effects on suicidality, and possible biases arising from crossover trials. Methods: A systematic search was conducted for relevant randomized trials in Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO databases up to August 2014. The primary endpoints were change in depression scale scores at days 1, 3 and 7, remission, response, suicidality, safety, and tolerability. Data were independently abstracted by 2 reviewers. Where possible, unpublished data were obtained on treatment effects in the first period of crossover trials. Results: Nine trials were identified, including 201 patients (52% female, mean age 46 years). Six trials assessed low-dose ketamine (0.5mg/kg i.v.) and 3 tested very low-dose ketamine (one trial assessed 50mg intra-nasal spray, another assessed 0.1-0.4mg/kg i.v., and another assessed 0.1-0.5mg/kg i.v., intramuscular, or s.c.). At day 3, the reduction in depression severity score was less marked in the very low-dose trials (P homogeneity <.05) and among bipolar patients. In analyses excluding the second period of crossover trials, response rates at day 7 were increased with ketamine (relative risk 3.4, 95% CI 1.6-7.1, P=.001), as were remission rates (relative risk 2.6, CI 1.2-5.7, P=.02). The absolute benefits were large, with day 7 remission rates of 24% vs 6% (P=.02). Seven trials provided unpublished data on suicidality item scores, which were reduced on days 1 and 3 (both P<.01) but not day 7. Conclusion: Low-dose ketamine appears more effective than very low dose. There is substantial heterogeneity in clinical response, with remission among one-fifth of patients at 1 week but most others having benefits that are less durable. Larger, longer term parallel group trials are needed to determine if efficacy can be extended and to further assess safety.
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2016 |
White J, Magin P, Attia J, Sturm J, McElduff P, Carter G, 'Predictors of health-related quality of life in community-dwelling stroke survivors: A cohort study', Family Practice, 33 382-387 (2016) [C1]
© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Background. Impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) post stroke is common, though prevalence ... [more]
© The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Background. Impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) post stroke is common, though prevalence estimates vary considerably. Few longitudinal studies explore post-stroke patterns of HRQoL and factors contributing to their change over time. Accurately identifying HRQoL after stroke is essential to understanding the extent of stroke effects. Objectives. This study aimed to assess change in levels of, and identify independent predictors of, HRQoL over the first 12-months post-stroke. Methods. Design. A prospective cohort study. Setting and participants. Community-dwelling stroke survivors in metropolitan Newcastle, New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Consecutively recruited stroke patients (n = 134) participated in face-to-face interviews at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Outcome measure. HRQoL (measured using the Assessment Quality-of-life).Independent measures. Physical and psycho-social functioning, including depression and anxiety (measured via Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), disability (Modified Rankin Scale), social support (Multi-dimensional Scale Perceived Social Support) and community participation (Adelaide Activities Profile).Analyses. A linear mixed model was used to establish the predictors of, change in HRQoL over time. Results. On multivariable analysis, HRQOL did not change significantly with time post-stroke. Higher HRQoL scores were independently associated with higher baseline HRQoL (P = 0.03), younger age (P = 0.006), lower disability (P = 0.003), greater community participation (P = 0.001) and no history of depression (P = 0.03). Conclusion. These results contribute to an understanding of HRQoL in the first year post-stroke. Community participation and stroke-related disability are potentially modifiable risk factors affecting post-stroke HRQoL. Interventions aimed at addressing participation and disability post-stroke should be developed and tested.
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2016 |
Clover KA, Oldmeadow C, Nelson L, Rogers K, Mitchell AJ, Carter G, 'Which items on the distress thermometer problem list are the most distressing?', Supportive Care in Cancer, 24 4549-4557 (2016) [C1]
© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: The importance of distress identification and management in oncology has been established. We examined the relationship between... [more]
© 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Purpose: The importance of distress identification and management in oncology has been established. We examined the relationship between distress and unmet bio-psychosocial needs, applying advanced statistical techniques, to identify which needs have the closest relationship to distress. Methods: Oncology outpatients (n¿=¿1066) undergoing QUICATOUCH screening in an Australian cancer centre completed the distress thermometer (DT) and problem list (PL). Principal component analysis (PCA), logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses tested the relationship between DT score (at a cut-off point of 4) and PL items. Results: Sixteen items were reported by <5¿% of participants. PCA analysis identified four major components. Logistic regression analysis indicated three of these component scores, and four individual items (20 items in total) demonstrated a significant independent relationship with distress. The best CART model contained only two PL items: ¿worry¿ and ¿depression¿. Conclusions: The DT and PL function as intended, quantifying negative emotional experience (distress) and identifying bio-psychosocial sources of distress. We offer two suggestions to minimise PL response time whilst targeting PL items most related to distress, thereby increasing clinical utility. To identify patients who might require specialised psychological services, we suggest the DT followed by a short, case-finding instrument for patients over threshold on the DT. To identify other important sources of distress, we suggest using a modified PL of 14 key items, with the 15th item ¿any other problem¿ as a simple safety net question. Shorter times for patient completion and clinician response to endorsed PL items will maximise acceptance and clinical utility.
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2016 |
Milner A, Spittal MJ, Kapur N, Witt K, Pirkis J, Carter G, 'Mechanisms of brief contact interventions in clinical populations: A systematic review', BMC Psychiatry, 16 (2016) [C1]
© 2016 The Author(s). Background: Brief Contact Interventions (BCIs) have been of increasing interest to suicide prevention clinicians, researchers and policy makers. However, the... [more]
© 2016 The Author(s). Background: Brief Contact Interventions (BCIs) have been of increasing interest to suicide prevention clinicians, researchers and policy makers. However, there has been no systematic assessment into the mechanisms underpinning BCIs. The aim of the current paper is to provide a systematic review of the proposed mechanisms underpinning BCIs across trial studies. Method: A systematic review was conducted of trials using BCIs (post-discharge telephone contacts; emergency or crisis cards; and postcard or letter contacts) for suicide or self-harm. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the reference lists of all past reviews in the area. Secondary searches of reference lists were undertaken. Results: Sixteen papers provided a description of possible mechanisms which we grouped into three main areas: social support; suicide prevention literacy, and; learning alternative coping behaviours. After assessment of the studies and considering the plausibility of mechanisms, we suggest social support and improved suicide prevention literacy are the most likely mechanisms underpinning BCIs. Conclusion: Researchers need to better articulate and measure the mechanisms they believe underpin BCIs in trial studies. Understanding more about the mechanisms of BCIs' will inform the development of future interventions for self-harm and suicide.
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2016 |
Carter G, Page A, Large M, Hetrick S, Milner AJ, Bendit N, et al., 'Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guideline for the management of deliberate self-harm', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50 939-1000 (2016) [C1]
© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Objective: To provide guidance for the organisation and delivery of clinical services and the clinical manage... [more]
© 2016 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. Objective: To provide guidance for the organisation and delivery of clinical services and the clinical management of patients who deliberately self-harm, based on scientific evidence supplemented by expert clinical consensus and expressed as recommendations. Method: Articles and information were sourced from search engines including PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO for several systematic reviews, which were supplemented by literature known to the deliberate self-harm working group, and from published systematic reviews and guidelines for deliberate self-harm. Information was reviewed by members of the deliberate self-harm working group, and findings were then formulated into consensus-based recommendations and clinical guidance. The guidelines were subjected to successive consultation and external review involving expert and clinical advisors, the public, key stakeholders, professional bodies and specialist groups with interest and expertise in deliberate self-harm. Results: The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for deliberate self-harm provide up-to-date guidance and advice regarding the management of deliberate self-harm patients, which is informed by evidence and clinical experience. The clinical practice guidelines for deliberate self-harm is intended for clinical use and service development by psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians and others with an interest in mental health care. Conclusion: The clinical practice guidelines for deliberate self-harm address self-harm within specific population sub-groups and provide up-to-date recommendations and guidance within an evidence-based framework, supplemented by expert clinical consensus.
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2015 |
Milner AJ, Carter G, Pirkis J, Robinson J, Spittal MJ, 'Letters, green cards, telephone calls and postcards: Systematic and meta-analytic review of brief contact interventions for reducing self-harm, suicide attempts and suicide', British Journal of Psychiatry, 206 184-190 (2015) [C1]
Background There is growing interest in brief contact interventions for self-harm and suicide attempt. Aims To synthesise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of brief contact... [more]
Background There is growing interest in brief contact interventions for self-harm and suicide attempt. Aims To synthesise the evidence regarding the effectiveness of brief contact interventions for reducing self-harm, suicide attempt and suicide. Method A systematic review and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted of randomised controlled trials using brief contact interventions (telephone contacts; emergency or crisis cards; and postcard or letter contacts). Several sensitivity analyses were conducted to examine study quality and subgroup effects. Results We found 14 eligible studies overall, of which 12 were amenable to meta-analyses. For any subsequent episode of self-harm or suicide attempt, there was a non-significant reduction in the overall pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.87 (95% CI 0.74-1.04, P = 0119) for intervention compared with control. The number of repetitions per person was significantly reduced in intervention v. control (incidence rate ratio IRR = 066, 95% CI 0.54-0.80, P<0001). There was no significant reduction in the odds of suicide in intervention compared with control (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.24-1.38). Conclusions A non-significant positive effect on repeated self-harm, suicide attempt and suicide and a significant effect on the number of episodes of repeated self-harm or suicide attempts per person (based on only three studies) means that brief contact interventions cannot yet be recommended for widespread clinical implementation. We recommend further assessment of possible benefits in well-designed trials in clinical populations.
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2015 |
Clover KA, Mitchell AJ, Britton B, Carter G, 'Why do oncology outpatients who report emotional distress decline help?', Psycho-Oncology, 24 812-818 (2015) [C1]
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Objective Many patients who experience distress do not seek help, and little is known... [more]
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Objective Many patients who experience distress do not seek help, and little is known about the reasons for this. We explored the reasons for declining help among patients who had significant emotional distress. Methods Data were collected through QUICATOUCH screening at an Australian hospital. Oncology outpatients scoring 4 or more on the Distress Thermometer were asked if they would 'like help' with their distress. Those who declined help were asked their reasons. Demographic variables and a clinical measure of anxiety and depression (PSYCH-6) were used to identify factors associated with reasons for declining help. Results Of 311 patients with significant distress, 221 (71%) declined help. The most common reasons were 'I prefer to manage myself' (n = 99, 46%); 'already receiving help' (n = 52, 24%) and 'my distress is not severe enough' (n = 50, 23%). Younger patients and women were more likely to decline help and were more likely to already be receiving help. Distress score and PSYCH-6 scores were significantly lower among patients who rated their distress as not severe enough to require help. Nevertheless, there were patients who had maximal scores on distress and PSYCH in each group. Conclusions Two common patient barriers to help with distress are a preference for self-help and a belief that distress is not sufficiently severe to warrant intervention. These beliefs were held by a sizeable proportion of individuals who reported very high levels of distress. Qualitative research and subsequent interventions for overcoming these barriers are required to obtain the most benefit from distress screening programs.
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2015 |
Hiles S, Bergen H, Hawton K, Lewin T, Whyte I, Carter G, 'General hospital-treated self-poisoning in England and Australia: Comparison of presentation rates, clinical characteristics and aftercare based on sentinel unit data', Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 78 356-362 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Objective: Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) is common and the existing national monitoring systems are often deficient. Clinical Practice Guid... [more]
© 2015 Elsevier Inc. Objective: Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) is common and the existing national monitoring systems are often deficient. Clinical Practice Guidelines (UK and Australia) recommend universal psychosocial assessment within the general hospital as standard care. We compared presentation rates, patient characteristics, psychosocial assessment and aftercare in UK and Australia. Methods: We used a cross sectional design, for a ten year study of all DSP presentations identified through sentinel units in Oxford, UK (n. = 3042) and Newcastle, Australia (n. = 3492). Results: Oxford had higher presentation rates for females (standardised rate ratio 2.4: CI 99% 1.9, 3.2) and males (SRR 2.5: CI 99% 1.7, 3.5). Female to male ratio was 1.6:1, 70% presented after-hours, 95% were admitted to a general hospital and co-ingestion of alcohol occurred in a substantial minority (Oxford 24%, Newcastle 32%). Paracetamol, minor tranquilisers and antidepressants were the commonest drug groups ingested, although the overall pattern differed. Psychosocial assessment rates were high (Oxford 80%, Newcastle 93%). Discharge referral for psychiatric inpatient admission (Oxford 8%, Newcastle 28%), discharge to home (Oxford 80%, Newcastle 70%) and absconding (Oxford 11%, Newcastle 2%) differed between the two units. Conclusions: Oxford has higher age-standardised rates of DSP than Newcastle, although many other characteristics of patients are similar. Services can provide a high level of assessment as recommended in clinical guidelines. There is some variation in after-care. Sentinel service monitoring routine care of DSP patients can provide valuable comparisons between countries.
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2015 |
McCarter KL, Britton B, Baker A, Halpin S, Beck A, Carter G, et al., 'Interventions to improve screening and appropriate referral of patients with cancer for distress: Systematic review protocol', BMJ Open, 5 (2015) [C3]
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2015 |
Oxley SOC, Dassanayake TL, Carter GL, Whyte I, Jones AL, Cooper G, Michie PT, 'Neurocognitive recovery after hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning with central nervous system depressant drugs: A longitudinal cohort study', Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 35 672-680 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) by central nervous system depressant drugs (CNS-D) has been associated wit... [more]
© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) by central nervous system depressant drugs (CNS-D) has been associated with impairments in cognitive and psychomotor functions at the time of discharge. We aimed to replicate this finding and to compare recovery in the first month after discharge for CNS-D and CNS nondepressant drug ingestions. We also examined a series of multivariate explanatory models of recovery of neurocognitive outcomes over time. The CNS-D group was impaired at discharge compared with the CNS-nondepressant group in cognitive flexibility, cognitive efficiency, and working memory. There were no significant differences at discharge in visual attention, processing speed, visuomotor speed, or inhibition speed. Both groups improved in the latter measures over 1 month of follow-up. However, the CNS-D group's recovery was significantly slower for key neurocognitive domains underlying driving in complex traffic situations, namely, cognitive flexibility, cognitive efficiency, and working memory. Patients discharged after DSP with CNS-D drugs have impairments of some critical cognitive functions that may require up to 1 month to recover. Although more pre-than post-DSP variables were retained as explanatory models of neurocognitive performance overall, recovery over time could not be explained by any one of the measured covariates. Tests of cognitive flexibility could be used in clinical settings as a proxy measure for recovery of driving ability. Regulatory authorities should also consider the implications of these results for the period of nondriving advised after ingestion of CNS-D in overdose. Future research, with adequate sample size, should examine contributions of other variables to the pattern of recovery over time.
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2015 |
Britton B, McCarter K, Baker A, Wolfenden L, Wratten C, Bauer J, et al., 'Eating As Treatment (EAT) study protocol: a stepped-wedge, randomised controlled trial of a health behaviour change intervention provided by dietitians to improve nutrition in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy.', BMJ open, 5 e008921 (2015) [C3]
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2015 |
Carter G, Clover K, Britton B, Mitchell AJ, White M, McLeod N, et al., 'Wellbeing during Active Surveillance for localised prostate cancer: A systematic review of psychological morbidity and quality of life', Cancer Treatment Reviews, 41 46-60 (2015) [C1]
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Background: Active Surveillance (AS) is recommended for the treatment of localised prostate cancer; however this option may be under-used, at least in part be... [more]
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. Background: Active Surveillance (AS) is recommended for the treatment of localised prostate cancer; however this option may be under-used, at least in part because of expectations of psychological adverse events in those offered or accepting AS. Objective: (1) Determine the impact on psychological wellbeing when treated with AS (non-comparative studies). (2) Compare AS with active treatments for the impact on psychological wellbeing (comparative studies). Method: We used the PRISMA guidelines and searched Medline, PsychInfo, EMBASE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus for articles published January 2000-2014. Eligible studies reported original quantitative data on any measures of psychological wellbeing. Results: We identified 34 eligible articles (. n=. 12,497 individuals); 24 observational, eight RCTs, and two other interventional studies. Studies came from North America (16), Europe (14) Australia (3) and North America/Europe (1). A minority (5/34) were rated as high quality. Most (26/34) used validated instruments, whilst a substantial minority (14/34) used watchful waiting or no active treatment rather than Active Surveillance. There was modest evidence of no adverse impact on psychological wellbeing associated with Active Surveillance; and no differences in psychological wellbeing compared to active treatments. Conclusion: Patients can be informed that Active Surveillance involves no greater threat to their psychological wellbeing as part of the informed consent process, and clinicians need not limit access to Active Surveillance based on an expectation of adverse impacts on psychological wellbeing.
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2015 |
Lambert SD, Clover K, Pallant JF, Britton B, King MT, Mitchell AJ, Carter G, 'Making sense of variations in prevalence estimates of depression in cancer: A co-calibration of commonly used depression scales using rasch analysis', JNCCN Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 13 1203-1211 (2015) [C1]
© JNCCN-Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Background: The use of different depression self-report scales warrants co-calibration studies to establish relations... [more]
© JNCCN-Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Background: The use of different depression self-report scales warrants co-calibration studies to establish relationships between scores from 2 or more scales. The goal of this study was to examine variations in measurement across 5 commonly used scales to measure depression among patients with cancer: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale (HADS-D), Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-Depression subscale (DASS-D). Methods: The depression scales were completed by 162 patients with cancer. Participants were also assessed by the major depressive episode module of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition. Rasch analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were performed. Results: Rasch analysis of the 5 scales indicated that these all measured depression. The HADS and BDI-II had the widest measurement range, whereas the DASS-D had the narrowest range. Co-calibration revealed that the cutoff scores across the scales were not equivalent. The mild cutoff score on the PHQ-9 was easier to meet than the mild cutoff score on the CES-D, BDI-II, and DASS-D. The HADS-D possible cutoff score was equivalent to cutoff scores for major to severe depression on the other scales. Optimal cutoff scores for clinical assessment of depression were in the mild to moderate depression range for most scales. Conclusions: The labels of depression associated with the different scales are not equivalent. Most markedly, the HADS-D possible case cutoff score represents a much higher level of depression than equivalent scores on other scales. Therefore, use of different scales will lead to different estimates of prevalence of depression when used in the same sample.
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2015 |
Beck AK, Baker A, Britton B, Wratten C, Bauer J, Wolfenden L, Carter G, 'Fidelity considerations in translational research: Eating As Treatment - a stepped wedge, randomised controlled trial of a dietitian delivered behaviour change counselling intervention for head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy', Trials, 16 (2015) [C3]
© 2015 Beck et al. Background: The confidence with which researchers can comment on intervention efficacy relies on evaluation and consideration of intervention fidelity. Accordin... [more]
© 2015 Beck et al. Background: The confidence with which researchers can comment on intervention efficacy relies on evaluation and consideration of intervention fidelity. Accordingly, there have been calls to increase the transparency with which fidelity methodology is reported. Despite this, consideration and/or reporting of fidelity methods remains poor. We seek to address this gap by describing the methodology for promoting and facilitating the evaluation of intervention fidelity in The EAT (Eating As Treatment) project: a multi-site stepped wedge randomised controlled trial of a dietitian delivered behaviour change counselling intervention to improve nutrition (primary outcome) in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Methods/Design: In accordance with recommendations from the National Institutes of Health Behaviour Change Consortium Treatment Fidelity Workgroup, we sought to maximise fidelity in this stepped wedge randomised controlled trial via strategies implemented from study design through to provider training, intervention delivery and receipt. As the EAT intervention is designed to be incorporated into standard dietetic consultations, we also address unique challenges for translational research. Discussion: We offer a strong model for improving the quality of translational findings via real world application of National Institutes of Health Behaviour Change Consortium recommendations. Greater transparency in the reporting of behaviour change research is an important step in improving the progress and quality of behaviour change research. Trial registration number:ACTRN12613000320752(Date of registration 21 March 2013)
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2015 |
Milner A, Page A, Morrell S, Hobbs C, Carter G, Dudley M, et al., 'Social connections and suicidal behaviour in young Australian adults: Evidence from a case-control study of persons aged 18-34 years in NSW, Australia', SSM - Population Health, 1 1-7 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 The Authors. Purpose: There is evidence that social isolation is a risk factor for suicide, and that social connections are protective. Only a limited number of studies hav... [more]
© 2015 The Authors. Purpose: There is evidence that social isolation is a risk factor for suicide, and that social connections are protective. Only a limited number of studies have attempted to correlate the number of social connections a person has in their life and suicidal behaviour. Method: Two population-based case-control studies of young adults (18-34 years) were conducted in New South Wales, Australia. Cases included both suicides (n=84) and attempts (n=101). Living controls selected from the general population were matched to cases by age-group and sex. Social connections was the main exposure variable (representing the number of connections a person had in their life). Suicide and attempts as outcomes were modelled separately and in combination using conditional logistic regression modelling. The analysis was adjusted for marital status, socio-economic status, and diagnosis of an affective or anxiety disorder. Results: Following adjustment for other variables, those who had 3-4 social connections had 74% lower odds of suicide deaths or attempts (OR=0.26, 95% CI 0.08, 0.84, p=0.025), and those with 5-6 connections had 89% lower odds of suicide deaths or attempts (OR=0.11 95% CI 0.03, 0.35, p<0.001), compared to those with 0-2 social connections. With the number of social connection types specified as a continuous variable, the odds ratio was 0.39 per connection (95% CI 0.27, 0.56, p<0.001). Conclusions: A greater number of social connections was significantly associated with reduced odds of suicide or attempt. This suggests that suicide prevention initiatives that promote increased social connections at an individual, familial, and wider social levels might be effective.
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2014 |
Brieva J, Coleman N, Lacey J, Harrigan P, Lewin TJ, Carter GL, 'Prediction of death in less than 60 minutes after withdrawal of cardiorespiratory support in potential organ donors after circulatory death', Transplantation, 98 1112-1118 (2014) [C1]
Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Background: Given the stable number of potential organ donors after brain death, donors after circulatory death have been ... [more]
Copyright © 2014 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Background: Given the stable number of potential organ donors after brain death, donors after circulatory death have been an increasing source of organs procured for transplant. Among the most important considerations for donation after circulatory death (DCD) is the prediction that death will occur within a reasonable period of time after the withdrawal of cardiorespiratory support (WCRS). Accurate prediction of time to death is necessary for the procurement process. We aimed to develop simple predictive rules for death in less than 60 min and test the accuracy of these rules in a pool of potential DCD donors. Methods: A multicenter prospective longitudinal cohort design of DCD eligible patients (n=318), with the primary binary outcome being death in less than 60 min after withdrawal of cardiorespiratory support conducted in 28 accredited intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia. We used a random split-half method to produce two samples, first to develop the predictive classification rules and then to estimate accuracy in an independent sample. Results: The best classification model used only three simple classification rules to produce an overall efficiency of 0.79 (0.72-0.85), sensitivity of 0.82 (0.73-0.90), and a positive predictive value of 0.80 (0.70-0.87) in the independent sample. Using only intensive care unit specialist prediction (a single classification rule) produced comparable efficiency 0.80 (0.73-0.86), sensitivity 0.87 (0.78-0.93), and positive predictive value 0.78 (0.68-0.86). Conclusion: This best predictive model missed only 18% of all potential donors. A positive prediction would be incorrect on only 20% of occasions, meaning there is an acceptable level of lost opportunity costs involved in the unnecessary assembly of transplantation teams and theatres.
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2014 |
White J, Dickson A, Magin P, Tapley A, Attia J, Sturm J, Carter G, 'Exploring the experience of psychological morbidity and service access in community dwelling stroke survivors: a follow-up study', DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION, 36 1600-1607 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Milner A, Page A, Morrell S, Hobbs C, Carter G, Dudley M, et al., 'The effects of involuntary job loss on suicide and suicide attempts among young adults: Evidence from a matched case-control study', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 48 333-340 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Lambert SD, Pallant JF, Clover K, Britton B, King MT, Carter G, 'Using Rasch analysis to examine the distress thermometer's cut-off scores among a mixed group of patients with cancer', QUALITY OF LIFE RESEARCH, 23 2257-2265 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
White JH, Attia J, Sturm J, Carter G, Magin P, 'Predictors of depression and anxiety in community dwelling stroke survivors: A cohort study', Disability and Rehabilitation, 36 1975-1982 (2014) [C1]
© 2014 Informa UK Ltd. Purpose: Few longitudinal studies explore post-stroke patterns of psychological morbidity and factors contributing to their change over time. We aimed to ex... [more]
© 2014 Informa UK Ltd. Purpose: Few longitudinal studies explore post-stroke patterns of psychological morbidity and factors contributing to their change over time. We aimed to explore predictors of post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke anxiety over a 12-month period. Methods: A prospective cohort study. Consecutively recruited stroke patients (n=134) participated in face-to-face interviews at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. Primary outcome measures were depression and anxiety (measured via Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Independent variables included disability (Modified Rankin Scale), Quality-of-life (Assessment Quality-of-life), social support (Multi-dimensional Scale Perceived Social Support) and community participation (Adelaide Activities Profile (AAP)). Secondary outcomes were predictors of resolution and development of PSD and anxiety. Results: Anxiety (47%) was more common than depression (22%) at baseline. Anxiety (but not depression) scores improved over time. Anxiety post-stroke was positively associated with baseline PSD (p<0.0001), baseline anxiety (p<0.0001) and less disability (p=0.042). PSD was associated with baseline anxiety (p<0.0001), baseline depression (p=0.0057), low social support (p=0.0161) and low community participation (p<0.0001). The only baseline factor predicting the resolution of PSD (if depressed at baseline) was increased social support (p=0.0421). Factors that predicted the onset of depression (if not depressed at baseline) were low community participation (p=0.0015) and higher disability (p=0.0057). Conclusion: While more common than depression immediately post-stroke, anxiety attenuates while the burden of depression persists over 12 months. Clinical programs should assess anxiety and depression, provide treatment pathways for those identified, and address modifiable risk factors, especially social support and social engagement.Implications for RehabilitationPsychological distress post stroke is persisting.Multi-disciplinary teams that establish goals with patients promoting social and community engagement could assist in managing psychological morbidity.A shift towards promoting longer-term monitoring and management of stroke survivors must be undertaken, and should consider the factors that support and hinder psychological morbidity.
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2014 |
Page A, Morrell S, Hobbs C, Carter G, Dudley M, Duflou J, Taylor R, 'Suicide in young adults: psychiatric and socio-economic factors from a case-control study', BMC PSYCHIATRY, 14 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Cooper JM, Newby DA, Whyte IM, Carter G, Jones AL, Isbister GK, 'Serotonin toxicity from antidepressant overdose and its association with the T102C polymorphism of the 5-HT receptor', Pharmacogenomics J, (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Spittal MJ, Pirkis J, Miller M, Carter G, Studdert DM, 'The Repeated Episodes of Self-Harm (RESH) score: A tool for predicting risk of future episodes of self-harm by hospital patients.', J Affect Disord, 161 36-42 (2014) [C1]
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2013 |
Brieva J, Coleman N, Lacey J, Harrigan P, Lewin TJ, Carter GL, 'Prediction of death in less than 60 minutes following withdrawal of cardiorespiratory support in ICUs.', Crit Care Med, 41 2677-2687 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, D'Este C, 'Postcards from the EDge: 5-year outcomes of a randomised controlled trial for hospital-treated self-poisoning', BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 202 372-380 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Clover K, Kelly P, Rogers K, Britton B, Carter GL, 'Predictors of desire for help in oncology outpatients reporting pain or distress', PSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, 22 1611-1617 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Hackett ML, Carter G, Crimmins D, Clarke T, Arblaster L, Billot L, et al., 'ImProving Outcomes after STroke (POST): results from the randomized clinical pilot trial', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STROKE, 8 707-710 (2013) [C1]
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2012 |
Maddock GR, Startup MJ, Carter GL, 'Patient characteristics associated with GP referral to the Access to Allied Psychological Services Program: A case-control study', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46 435-444 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Turner A, Hambridge J, White JH, Carter GL, Clover K, Nelson LJ, Hackett M, 'Depression screening in stroke: A comparison of alternative measures with the structured diagnostic interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Major Depressive Episode) as criterion standard', Stroke, 43 1000-1005 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Mitchell AJ, Meader N, Davies E, Clover K, Carter GL, Loscalzo MJ, et al., 'Meta-analysis of screening and case finding tools for depression in cancer: Evidence based recommendations for clinical practice on behalf of the Depression in Cancer Care consensus group', Journal of Affective Disorders, 140 149-160 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Dassanayake WM, Michie PT, Jones AL, Carter GL, Mallard T, Whyte IM, 'Cognitive impairment in patients clinically recovered from central nervous system depressant drug overdose', Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 32 503-510 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Brieva J, Coleman N, Lacey J, Harrigan P, Lewin T, Carter G, 'PREDICTION OF DEATH IN LESS THAN 60 MINUTES FOLLOWIING WITHDRAWAL OF CARDIO-RESPIRATORY SUPPORT IN INTENSIVE CARE UNITS: THE PREDICT STUDY', INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE, 38 S241-S242 (2012)
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2012 |
Britton B, Clover K, Bateman L, Odelli C, Wenham K, Zeman A, Carter GL, 'Baseline depression predicts malnutrition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy', Supportive Care in Cancer, 20 335-342 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
White JH, Gray KR, Magin PJ, Attia JR, Sturm J, Carter G, Pollack M, 'Exploring the experience of post-stroke fatigue in community dwelling stroke survivors: A prospective qualitative study', Disability and Rehabilitation, 34 1376-1384 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Carter GL, Britton B, Clover K, Rogers K, Adams CA, McElduff P, 'Effectiveness of QUICATOUCH: A computerised touch screen evaluation for pain and distress in ambulatory oncology patients in Newcastle, Australia', Psycho-Oncology, 21 1149-1157 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Dassanayake WM, Jones AL, Michie PT, Carter GL, McElduff P, Stokes BJ, Whyte IM, 'Risk of road traffic accidents in patients discharged following treatment for psychotropic drug overdose: A self-controlled case series study in Australia', CNS Drugs, 26 269-276 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Carter GL, 'Method of most recent self-harm episode is related to risk of subsequent suicide. Commentary', Evidence-Based Mental Health, 15 68 (2012) [C3]
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2012 |
Dassanayake WM, Michie PT, Jones AL, Mallard T, Whyte IM, Carter GL, 'Cognitive skills underlying driving in patients discharged following self-poisoning with central nervous system depressant drugs', Traffic Injury Prevention, 13 450-457 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
White JH, Magin PJ, Attia JR, Sturm J, Carter GL, Pollack M, 'Trajectories of psychological distress after stroke', Annals of Family Medicine, 10 435-442 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Carter GL, 'Young people, mental illness and suicidal behaviours', Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 6 113-114 (2012) [C3] |
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2011 |
Page A, Taylor R, Gunnell D, Carter GL, Morrell S, Martin G, 'Effectiveness of Australian youth suicide prevention initiatives', British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 423-429 (2011) [C1]
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2011 |
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Carter GL, 'Authors' reply', British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 342-343 (2011) [C3]
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2011 |
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Sarjami S, Kolahi A-A, Carter GL, 'Postcards in Persia: Randomised controlled trial to reduce suicidal behaviours 12 months after hospital-treated self-poisoning', British Journal of Psychiatry, 198 309-316 (2011) [C1]
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2011 |
Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Carter GL, 'Role of postcards in reducing suicidal behaviour. Reply', British Journal of Psychiatry, 199 342-343 (2011) [C3] |
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2011 |
Dassanayake WM, Michie PT, Carter GL, Jones A, 'Effects of benzodiazepines, antidepressants and opioids on driving: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological and experimental evidence', Drug Safety, 34 125-156 (2011) [C1]
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2011 |
Saha S, Scott JG, Johnston AK, Slade TN, Varghese D, Carter GL, McGrath JJ, 'The association between delusional-like experiences and suicidal thoughts and behaviour', Schizophrenia Research, 132 197-202 (2011) [C1]
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2011 |
Carter GL, Lewin TJ, Gianacas L, Clover K, Adams CA, 'Caregiver satisfaction with out-patient oncology services: utility of the FAMCARE instrument and development of the FAMCARE-6', Supportive Care in Cancer, 19 565-572 (2011) [C1]
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2011 |
Jayasekera H, Carter GL, Clover K, 'Comparison of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI-auto) with clinical diagnosis in a suicidal population', Archives of Suicide Research, 15 43-55 (2011) [C1]
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2010 |
Hackett ML, Carter GL, Crimmins D, Clarke T, Maddock K, Sturm JW, 'imProving Outcomes after STroke clinical pilot trial protocol', International Journal of Stroke, 5 52-56 (2010) [C1]
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2010 |
Carter GL, Willcox CH, Lewin TJ, Conrad A, Bendit NR, 'Hunter D. B. T Project: Randomized controlled trial of dialectical behaviour therapy in women with borderline personality disorder', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44 162-173 (2010) [C1]
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2010 |
Maddock GR, Carter GL, Murrell ER, Lewin TJ, Conrad A, 'Distinguishing suicidal from non-suicidal deliberate self-harm events in women with Borderline Personality Disorder', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44 574-582 (2010) [C1]
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2010 |
Sankaranarayanan A, Carter GL, Lewin TJ, 'Rural-Urban Differences in Suicide Rates for Current Patients of a Public Mental Health Service in Australia', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40 376-382 (2010) [C1]
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2009 |
Clover K, Carter GL, Adams CA, Hickie I, Davenport T, 'Concurrent validity of the PSYCH-6, a very short scale for detecting anxiety and depression, among oncology outpatients', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43 682-688 (2009) [C1]
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2009 |
Page A, Taylor R, Hall W, Carter GL, 'Mental disorders and socioeconomic status: Impact on population risk of attempted suicide in Australia', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 39 471-481 (2009) [C1]
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2009 |
Clover K, Carter GL, Mackinnon A, Adams CA, 'Is my patient suffering clinically significant emotional distress? Demonstration of a probabilities approach to evaluating algorithms for screening for distress', Supportive Care in Cancer, 17 1455-1462 (2009) [C1]
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2009 |
Clover K, Carter G, Adams C, McElduff P, Rogers K, 'Reduced pain and distress among oncology outpatients following the introduction of routine screening with QUICATOUCH.', Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology, A146-A146 (2009)
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2008 |
Carter GL, Lewin TJ, Rashid G, Adams CA, Clover K, 'Computerised assessment of quality of life in oncology patients and carers', Psycho-Oncology, 17 26-33 (2008) [C1]
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2008 |
Glassberg AE, Luce JM, Matthay MA, Wiedemann HP, Arroliga AC, Fisher CJ, et al., 'Reasons for nonenrollment in a clinical trial of acute lung injury', Chest, 134 719-723 (2008)
© 2008 American College of Chest Physicians Background: Enrolling critically ill patients in clinical trials is challenging. We observed that eligible patients at San Francisco Ge... [more]
© 2008 American College of Chest Physicians Background: Enrolling critically ill patients in clinical trials is challenging. We observed that eligible patients at San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), a public hospital that cares largely for indigent patients, were less likely to be enrolled in a clinical trial of acute lung injury (ALI) than eligible patients at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), a university referral center. We examined the reasons for nonenrollment and the impact of the availability of a surrogate decision maker on critical care clinical trials enrollment. Methods: Data collected from the ARDS Network trial of lower vs traditional tidal volume ventilation for patients with ALI was analyzed. Patient demographics and reasons for nonenrollment were analyzed among 531 consecutively screened patients at the two hospitals: UCSF and SFGH. Results: At UCSF, 1% of screened patients were not enrolled because they lacked surrogates, whereas 18% of screened patients were not enrolled at SFGH because they lacked surrogates. Lack of surrogate was the most common reason for nonenrollment among eligible patients at SFGH. Conclusions: Critically ill patients with ALI at a public hospital were less likely to be enrolled in a clinical trial than patients at a university hospital primarily because they lacked surrogates. Lack of a surrogate also was a major factor in nonenrollment in other ARDS Network hospitals. In order to provide all affected patients an opportunity to participate in research, innovative strategies for increasing enrollment in critical care research without compromising protection from research risks are needed.
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2007 |
Carter GL, Page A, Clover K, Taylor R, 'Modifiable risk factors for attempted suicide in Australian clinical and community samples', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37 671-680 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Parkinson L, Rainbird K, Kerridge I, Ravenscroft P, et al., 'Mental health and other clinical correlates of euthanasia attitudes in an Australian outpatient cancer population', Psycho-Oncology, 16 295-303 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Ware LB, Matthay MA, Parsons PE, Taylor Thompson B, Januzzi JL, Eisner MD, et al., 'Pathogenetic and prognostic significance of altered coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome', Critical Care Medicine, 35 1821-1828 (2007)
Copyright © 2007 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Objective-The coagulation and inflammatory cascades may be linked in the pathoge... [more]
Copyright © 2007 by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Objective-The coagulation and inflammatory cascades may be linked in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, direct evidence for the contribution of abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolysis proteins to outcomes in patients with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome is lacking. Design-Retrospective measurement of plasma levels of protein C and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in plasma samples that were collected prospectively as part of a large multicenter clinical trial. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. To evaluate the potential additive value of abnormalities of these biomarkers, the excess relative risk of death was calculated for each combination of quartiles of protein-C and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels. Setting-Ten university medical centers. Patients-The study included 779 patients from a multicenter clinical trial of a protective ventilatory strategy in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome and 99 patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, as well as ten normal controls. Measurements and Main Results-Compared with plasma from controls and patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema, baseline protein-C levels were low and baseline plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels were elevated in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. By multivariate analysis, lower protein C and higher plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were strong independent predictors of mortality, and ventilator-free and organ-failure-free days. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and protein C had a synergistic interaction for the risk of death. Conclusions-Early acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by decreased plasma levels of protein C and increased plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 that are independent risk factors for mortality and adverse clinical outcomes. Measurement of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and protein-C levels may be useful to identify those at highest risk of adverse clinical outcomes for the development of new therapies.
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2007 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, D'Este CA, 'Postcards from the EDge: 24-Month outcomes of a randomised controlled trial for hospital-treated self-poisoning', British Journal of Psychiatry, 191 548-553 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Page A, Morrell S, Taylor R, Dudley M, Carter GL, 'Further increases in rural suicide in young Australian adults: Secular trends, 1979-2003', Social Science and Medicine, 65 442-453 (2007) [C1]
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2006 |
Whyte IM, Bryant J, Carter GL, Safranko I, Lewin TJ, 'Psychiatric hospitalization after deliberate self-poisoning', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36 213-222 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Andrew P, Stephen M, Richard T, Carter GL, Michael D, 'Divergent trends in suicide by socio-economic status in Australia', Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41 911-917 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Parkinson L, Rainbird K, Kerridge I, Clover K, Ravenscroft P, Cavenagh J, Carter GL, 'Patients' attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: a systematic review of the literature published over fifteen years', Monash Bioethics Review, 25 19-43 (2006) [C1]
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2005 |
Carter GL, Reith DM, Whyte IM, McPherson M, 'Repeated self-poisoning: increasing severity of self-harm as a predictor of subsequent suicide', British Journal of Psychiatry, 186 253-257 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Taylor R, Page A, Morrell S, Harrison J, Carter GL, 'Mental health and socio-economic variations in Australian suicide', Social Science & Medicine, 61 1551-1559 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Taylor R, Page A, Morrell S, Harrison J, Carter GL, 'Social and psychiatric influences on urban-rural differentials in Australian suicide', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35 277-290 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, D'Este CA, 'Postcards from the EDge project: randomised controlled trial of an intervention using postcards to reduce repetition of hospital treated deliberate self poisoning', British Medical Journal, 331 805-810 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Parkinson L, Rainbird KJ, Kerridge I, Carter GL, Cavenagh J, McPhee JR, Ravenscroft P, 'Cancer patients attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: The influence of question wording and patients own definitions on responses', Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 2 82-89 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Carter GL, Lewin TJ, Stoney C, Whyte IM, Bryant J, 'Clinical management for hospital-treated deliberate self-poisoning: comparisons between patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39 266-273 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Carter GL, Reith DM, Whyte IM, McPherson M, 'Non-suicidal deaths following hospital-treated self-poisoning', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39 101-107 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Parkinson L, Rainbird K, Kerridge I, Carter G, McPhee J, Ravenscroft P, Clover K, 'Older people's attitudes towards euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: cancer patients versus the general community', AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, 24 A8-A9 (2005)
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2004 |
Arumanayagam M, Bell C, Boyce P, Carter GL, Dudley M, Goldney R, et al., 'Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guidelines for the management of adult deliberate self-harm', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38 868-884 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Reith DM, Whyte IM, Carter GL, McPherson M, Carter N, 'Risk factors for suicide and other deaths following hospital treated self-poisoning in Australia', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 38 520-525 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Taylor R, Page A, Morrell S, Carter GL, Harrison J, 'Socio-economic differentials in mental disorders and suicide attempts in Australia', British Journal of Psychiatry, 18 486-493 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Clover K, Carter GL, Whyte IM, 'Posttraumatic stress disorder among deliberate self-poisoning patients', Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17 509-517 (2004) [C1]
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2003 |
Carter GL, 'Morbidity and mortality for suicidal behaviour', Evidence - Based Mental Health, 6 121 (2003) [C3] |
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2003 |
Carter G, 'Review: Evidence is lacking about suicide prevention in young people - Commentary', Evidence-Based Mental Health, 6 121 (2003)
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2003 |
Carter GL, Issakidis C, Clover K, 'Correlates of youth suicide attempters in Australian community and clinical samples', Australia & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37 286-293 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Reith DM, Whyte IM, Carter GL, McPherson M, 'Adolescent self-poisoning: A cohort study of subsequent suicide and premature deaths', Crisis, 24 79-84 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Phillip B, Carter GL, Penrose-Wall J, Wilhelm K, Goldney R, 'Summary Australian and New Zealand clinical practice guideline for the management of adult deliberate self-harm (2003)', Australasian Psychiatry, 11 150-155 (2003) [C3]
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2003 |
Carr VJ, Johnston PJ, Lewin TJ, Rajkumar S, Carter GL, Issakidis C, 'Patterns of service use among persons with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders (vol 54, pg 226, 2003)', PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES, 54 339-339 (2003)
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2003 |
Carr VJ, Johnston PJ, Lewin TJ, Rajkumar S, Carter GL, Issakidis C, 'Patterns of Service Use Among Persons With Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders', Psychiatric Services, 54 226-235 (2003) [C1]
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2002 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Bryant J, Whyte IM, 'Can the Edinburgh Risk of Repetition Scale Predict Repetition of Deliberate Self-poisoning in an Australian Clinical Setting?', Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 32(3) 230-239 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Ticehurst S, Carter G, Clover K, Whyte IM, Raymond J, Fryer JL, 'Elderly Patients with deliberate self-poisoning treated in an Australian general hospital', International Psychogeriatrics, 14(1) 97-105 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Johnson G, Whyte I, Carter G, Oakley P, 'Comments on lithium toxicity (multiple letters) [3]', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36 703 (2002)
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2002 |
Andrews G, Carter GL, 'Erratum: What people say about their general practitioners' treatment of anxiety and depression (Med J Aust (2001) 175 (S48-S51))', Medical Journal of Australia, 176 69 (2002)
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2002 |
Whyte I, Carter G, Oakley P, 'Comments on lithium toxicity - Reply', AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY, 36 703-703 (2002) |
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2002 |
Whyte IM, Carter GL, Oakley P, 'Reply to Gordon Johnson', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36(5) 703 (2002) [C3] |
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2002 |
Reith DM, Whyte IM, Carter GL, 'Repetition risk for adolescent self-poisoning: a multiple event survival analysis', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 212-218 (2002) [C1]
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2001 |
Oakley P, Whyte IM, Carter GL, 'Lithium toxicity: an iatrogenic problem in susceptible individuals', Australian and New Zeland Journal of Psychiatry, 35 833-840 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Andrews G, Issakidis C, Carter GL, 'Shortfall in mental health service utilisation', The British Journal of Psychiatry, 179 417-425 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Andrews G, Carter GL, 'What people say about their general practitioners' treatment of anxiety and depression', Medical Journal of Australia (Supplement), 175 S48-S51 (2001) [C1]
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2001 |
Andrews G, Carter GL, 'Erratum: What people say about their general practitioners' treatment of anxiety and depression (Med J Aust (2001) 175 (S48-S51))', Medical Journal of Australia, 175 560 (2001) |
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1999 |
Carter GL, O'Connell DL, Farlsh SJ, Rosenman SJ, 'Preventing suicide: What will work and what will not (multiple letters) [3]', Medical Journal of Australia, 170 (1999)
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1999 |
Carter GL, Whyte IM, Ball K, Carter NT, Dawson AH, Carr VJ, Fryer J, 'Repetition of deliberate self-poisoning in an Australian hospital-treated population', The Medical Journal Of Australia, 170 307-311 (1999) [C1]
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1999 |
Carter GL, Clover K, Fryer JL, 'Deliberate self-harm: can we move the goal posts closer?', BMJ - electronic, 18.8.99 3-4 (1999) [C3] |
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1999 |
Carter GL, 'Deliberate self-harm: can we move the goal posts closer?', British Medical Journal, Electronic 0 (1999) [C3] |
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1999 |
Carter GL, O'Connell DL, 'Preventing suicide: what will work and what will not', Medical Journal of Australia, 170 620 (1999) [C3]
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1998 |
Reith D, Monteleone J, Whyte IM, Ebelling W, Holford N, Carter GL, 'Features and Toxicokinetics of Clozapine in Overdose', Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 20 (1) 92-97 (1998) [C1]
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1997 |
Carr VJ, Lewin TJ, Webster RA, Kenardy JA, Hazell PL, Carter GL, 'Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake .2. Exposure and morbidity profiles during the first 2 years post-disaster', PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, 27 167-178 (1997)
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1997 |
Carr VJ, Lewin TJ, Kenardy JA, Webster RA, Hazell PL, Carter GL, Williamson M, 'Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake .3. Role of vulnerability factors in postdisaster morbidity', PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, 27 179-190 (1997)
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1997 |
Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Buckley NA, Carter GL, Levey CM, 'A model for the management of self-poisoning', MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA, 167 142-146 (1997)
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1996 |
Carter GL, Dawson AH, Lopert R, 'Drug-induced delirium - Incidence, management and prevention', DRUG SAFETY, 15 291-301 (1996)
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1996 |
Kenardy JA, Webster RA, Lewin TJ, Carr VJ, Hazell PL, Carter GL, 'Stress debriefing and patterns of recovery following a natural disaster', JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, 9 37-49 (1996)
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1995 |
WHYTE I, BUCKLEY N, CARTER G, 'ANTIDEPRESSANTS AND SUICIDE - STUDY ANALYSES WERE FLAWED', BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 311 55-55 (1995)
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1995 |
Whyte I, Buckley N, Carter G, 'Antidepressants and suicide', BMJ, 311 55 (1995)
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1995 |
CARR VJ, LEWIN TJ, WEBSTER RA, HAZELL PL, KENARDY JA, CARTER GL, 'PSYCHOSOCIAL SEQUELAE OF THE 1989 NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE .1. COMMUNITY DISASTER EXPERIENCES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL MORBIDITY 6 MONTHS POSTDISASTER', PSYCHOLOGICAL MEDICINE, 25 539-555 (1995)
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1992 |
CARR VJ, LEWIN TJ, CARTER GL, WEBSTER RA, 'PATTERNS OF SERVICE UTILIZATION FOLLOWING THE 1989 NEWCASTLE EARTHQUAKE - FINDINGS FROM PHASE-1 OF THE QUAKE IMPACT STUDY', AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, 16 360-369 (1992) [C1]
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