
Dr Carl Leonard
Senior Lecturer
School of Education
- Email:carl.leonard@newcastle.edu.au
- Phone:0249217795
Career Summary
Biography
The pursuit of academic excellence that maximises outcomes for ALL students sits at the heart of Dr Carl Leonard's work.
For the past 30 years. he has aimed to be the strongest advocate for public education, inclusivity and diversity. 'Access to quality learning should be the right of all students regardless of socioeconomic status, ability or location,' Carl said.
For most of this time, standing with one foot in schools and the other in academe, Carl has worked tirelessly to provide the best learning conditions possible for students, further developing and refining his professional knowledge 'in the real world', to better support the growth and development of the teaching profession.
Dr Carl (not that Dr Karl), has a track record of delivering outstanding educational outcomes for students in his care, via holistic, innovative, communication-rich leadership structures featuring outstanding stakeholder involvement, high student, staff, and parent-carer satisfaction, a core focus on wellbeing, and teaching and learning structures embedded in implementation science and universal design for learning, as the springboard for success.
'Happy, motivated and inspired students, outstanding outcomes, highly effective, valued and cared-for teachers and exemplary working relationships with parents, carers, community and industry stakeholders are at the heart of my work.'
In addition to working full-time in schools up until mid 2019, Carl has achieved significant scholarly output: 1 sole-authored book, 1 co-authored book chapter, 2 co-authored articles in refereed journals, 1 co-authored article in a non-refereed journal, numerous non-traditional research outputs, and over 20 sole- and co-authored paper presentations at national and international conferences. Upon taking up his full-time Senior Lecturer position at the UoN, Carl said his focus was furthering his scholarly output, leading teaching excellence in special and inclusive education, and increasing engagement and collaboration, both within and beyond UoN.
'Schools are complex systems. I believe I've demonstrated through innovation and sophistication, transformative success can be achieved at a rapid rate - much faster that some people may think possible. Critical elements are: highly effective strategic planning, involving multiple stakeholders; sophisticated approaches to teaching and learning, curriculum delivery, financial management and resource deployment; and, all these elements embedded in an inclusive approach to enhancing and celebrating the work and wellbeing of multiple stakeholders - students, staff, parents, carers and community.'
Ongoing and current advocacy and involvement in the governance of teacher education includes: NESA Primary Maths & Science and Technology Specialisations Expert Advisory Panel Member; AITSL Accreditation Initial Teacher Education (ITE) Panellist; and, certified AITSL (NESA) External Observer for Teachers Seeking Higher Level Accreditation
Maximising outcomes for our students is inextricably linked to the capacity of teachers and school leaders to facilitate and support their growth and development across all educational domains. My previous research work and future research will focus on the application of evidenced-based approaches to inclusive learning environments,' Leonard says.
Qualifications
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Newcastle
- Bachelor of Education, University of Newcastle
- Master of Education, University of Newcastle
Keywords
- Educational Leadership and Innovation
- Implementation Science
- Special Education, Disability and Inclusion
- Teacher Education
- Teacher Education and Professional Development of
- Universal Design for Learning
- Visible Learning
- Wellbeing and Quality of School Life
Fields of Research
| Code | Description | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 390411 | Special education and disability | 35 |
| 390412 | Teacher and student wellbeing | 30 |
| 390407 | Inclusive education | 35 |
Professional Experience
UON Appointment
| Title | Organisation / Department |
|---|---|
| Senior Lecturer | University of Newcastle School of Education Australia |
Teaching appointment
| Dates | Title | Organisation / Department |
|---|---|---|
| 1/1/2018 - 31/12/2018 | Principal (Relieving) - Eleebana Public School | NSW Department of Education |
| 1/1/2013 - 31/12/2018 | Deputy Principal - Eleebana Public School | NSW Department of Education |
Publications
For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.
Highlighted Publications
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 |
Sawatske A, Leonard C, Harris J, Dally K, 'The Case for Special Education Teacher Wellbeing: A Multidimensional Review of the Evidence and Future Directions', AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION, 48, 64-77 (2024) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
Book (1 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2008 | Leonard C, Quality of Life and Attendance in Elementary Schools, Verlag Dr. Mueller e.K, Dusseldorf (2008) |
Chapter (1 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Leonard C, Conway R, 'Curriculum, learning, teaching and assessment adjustments', Inclusion in Action 6e, Cengage AU, Australia 135-195 (2021) |
Conference (27 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 |
Butler K, Leonard C, 'Making the Potential of UDL a Reality: Challenging Barriers to Institution-Wide UDL Adoption', Making the Potential of UDL a Reality: Challenging Barriers to Institution-Wide UDL Adoption (2025)
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||
| 2023 | Sawatske A, Leonard C, 'Special Education and Mainstream Teacher Wellbeing, are they the same? A Comparative Analysis of Voices and Experiences of Secondary Education Teachers in New South Wales', Melbourne, VIC (2023) | ||||
| 2023 |
Holbrook A, Carter A, Leonard C, 'Mobilising the Middle: effectual reasoning, a new lens on effective middle leadership', Melbourne (2023)
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| 2010 | Leonard CA, Watson D, 'Powering-up teacher professional learning', AARE 2009 Conference Proceedings, Canberra (2010) [E2] | Open Research Newcastle | |||
| 2003 | Leonard C, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Affective Outcomes in the Context of School Reform', Conference Papers, Abstracts and Symposia, Auckland (2003) [E2] | ||||
| 2002 | Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, Leonard CA, 'Student Quality of School Life- A Multilevel Analysis', AARE 2002 Conference Papers, Brisbane (2002) [E2] | ||||
| 2001 | Leonard CA, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Student quality of school life differences within and between primary schools', AARE - Conference Papers, Fremantle (2001) [E2] | ||||
| 2000 | Leonard CA, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Student stress and absenteeism in primary schools', AARE-NZARE 1999 Conference Papers, Melbourne (2000) [E2] | ||||
| 2000 | Leonard CA, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Quality of school life and absenteeism in primary schools', AARE-NZARE 2000 Conference Papers, Sydney (2000) [E3] | ||||
| 1999 | Leonard CA, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Student stress and absenteeism in primary schools', Global Issues & Local Effects: The Challenge for Educational Research, Melbourne Australia (1999) [E3] | ||||
| Show 24 more conferences | |||||
Journal article (13 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 |
Leonard C, Khurshid S, 'Exploring the mental health of doctoral students in Pakistan', Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education (2025) [C1]
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| 2025 |
Duncan J, Butler K, Leonard C, Foggett J, Page A, Roche L, 'Uncovering Challenges in Universal Design for Learning in Higher Education', Australasian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education (2025) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
| 2025 |
Southall A, Philpott-Robinson K, Lane A, Leonard C, Bury S, 'Australian teachers' perceptions of a Co-Taught self-regulation program', International Journal of Educational Research, 131 (2025) [C1]
Background: Self-regulation challenges are common in childhood and adolescence, which can impact students' learning, academic performance, social interactions, and... [more] Background: Self-regulation challenges are common in childhood and adolescence, which can impact students' learning, academic performance, social interactions, and teacher stress. Traditional occupational therapy interventions, typically involving one-on-one support, have proven insufficient to address the growing scale of student dysregulation. Objective: In 2023 we piloted an in-class program to support self-regulation in three diverse educational settings (primary specialist, primary mainstream and secondary mainstream), co-facilitated by an occupational therapist. The present study aimed to examine if classroom teachers found the 2023 pilot program beneficial. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was implemented to address the research aim. We conducted seven interviews with teachers which were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Findings: Two core themes were generated in which teachers 1) reported universal benefits to staff and students and 2) identified specific factors that are needed to make the program successful. Conclusion: Overall, the findings suggest that the in-class program to support self-regulation, co-facilitated by an occupational therapist, is a feasible approach that has both direct and indirect benefits. However, future iterations should involve stakeholder co-design to ensure the program is suitable for each student cohort and specific learning context.
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| 2025 |
Philpott-Robinson K, Blackwell D, Regan C, Leonard C, Haracz K, Lane AE, Wales K, 'Conflicting Definitions of Self-Regulation in Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review', PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRICS [C1]
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| 2024 |
Unwin K, Wales K, Johnson T, Leonard C, Dixon G, English L, Lane A, 'Evidence Synthesis and Clinical Recommendations for Supporting School Students With Sensory Processing Challenges: A Rapid Review', AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY, 78 [C1]
Importance: Children with sensory processing challenges often need supports to access, participate in, and achieve at school. However, research on best practice is vari... [more] Importance: Children with sensory processing challenges often need supports to access, participate in, and achieve at school. However, research on best practice is varied, presenting difficulty for practitioners to assess the appropriateness of each support. Objective: To provide evidence-informed recommendations regarding best practices in school-based supports for students with sensory processing challenges via a Rapid Evidence Assessment of current literature. Data Sources: Searches were run in CINAHL Complete, Education Research Complete, ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus (for articles published 2010 to 2023). Informed by a 2010 review, articles citing publications identified in the prior review were also included. Study Selection and Data Collection: A reviewer screened the title and abstract of each article for inclusion, and another screened the full texts, with 10% of each reviewer's articles assessed by the other. Interrater reliability was excellent. Findings: The review included 61 articles, with only 15% constituting good evidence (38% provided adequate evidence, 31% provided poor evidence, and 16% were reviews). No support could be wholly recommended without caveats, but there was some evidence that sound amplification systems, alternate seating, and multisensory environments may be beneficial in certain conditions or with certain populations. The use of weighted vests is not recommended. Conclusions and Relevance: Most research had small sample sizes and inconsistent protocols, highlighting the importance of ongoing research. Evidence-informed practitioners should review research findings carefully and integrate evidence from comprehensive clinical assessment and understanding of the child, school, and family contexts when assessing the appropriateness of a support for each student. Plain-Language Summary: Children with sensory processing challenges often need supports to access, participate in, and achieve at school. Occupational therapists provide school-based supports for children with sensory processing challenges with the goal of enabling access, participation, and achievement. It is difficult, however, for practitioners to assess the appropriateness of each support because research on best practice varies. This review of the current literature provides practitioners with evidence on supports for school children with sensory processing challenges to inform decision-making and the selection of appropriate supports for their clients. When assessing the appropriateness of a support for a student, practitioners should carefully review current research findings and integrate evidence from comprehensive clinical assessments along with an understanding of the student, school, and family contexts.
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| 2024 |
Philpott-Robinson K, Haracz K, Blackwell D, Mallise C, Leonard C, Lane A, Wales K, 'The experiences of occupational therapists supporting children with self-regulation needs: A qualitative descriptive study', AUSTRALIAN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY JOURNAL, 71, 1041-1058 (2024) [C1]
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| 2024 |
Page A, Barr M, Rendoth T, Roche L, Foggett J, Leonard C, Duncan J, 'Making Reasonable Adjustments for Students with Disability in Australian Mainstream Classrooms: A Scoping Review', Australian Journal of Special and Inclusive Education, 48, 46-63 (2024) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
| 2024 |
Sawatske A, Leonard C, Harris J, Dally K, 'The Case for Special Education Teacher Wellbeing: A Multidimensional Review of the Evidence and Future Directions', AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF SPECIAL AND INCLUSIVE EDUCATION, 48, 64-77 (2024) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
| 2023 |
Philpott-Robinson K, Johnson T, Evans L, Wales K, Leonard C, Lane AE, 'Measurement of Self-regulation in Preschool and Elementary Children: A Scoping Review', PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN PEDIATRICS, 43, 403-429 (2023) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
| 2016 |
Brown G, Leonard C, Arthur-Kelly M, 'Writing SMARTER goals for professional learning and improving classroom practices', Reflective Practice, 17, 621-635 (2016) [C1]
|
Open Research Newcastle | |||||||||
| 2004 |
Leonard CA, Bourke SF, Schofield NJ, 'Affecting the affective: Affective outcomes in the context of school effectiveness, school improvement and quality schools', Issues in Educational Research, 14 1-28 (2004) [C1]
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| Show 10 more journal articles | |||||||||||
Other (3 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 |
Leonard C, Twining P, Holbrook A, Chilton H, Munday C, 'Research-Invested Schools planning to emerge smarter and stronger from the pandemic', Research-Invested Schools planning to emerge smarter and stronger from the pandemic. https://www.teachermagazine.com/au_en/articles/research-invested-schools-planning-to-emerge-smarter-and-stronger-from-the-pandemic: Australian Council for Educational Research (2022)
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| 2021 | Leonard C, Brown G, 'Back to school: Reestablishing face-to-face relationships and routines', Back to school: Reestablishing face-to-face relationships and routines. ACER Teacher Magazine: ACER (2021) | ||||
| 2020 | Leonard C, Brown G, 'COVID-19: How teachers can help students transition back to school', : ACER (2020) |
Review (1 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Leonard C, 'Quality of life outcomes in the context of school reform (2004) |
Thesis / Dissertation (2 outputs)
| Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2003 | Leonard C, Quality of life and attendance in primary schools, : University of Newcastle (2003) | ||
| 1998 | Leonard C, Stress and absenteeism in primary schools, University of Newcastle (1998) |
Grants and Funding
Summary
| Number of grants | 8 |
|---|---|
| Total funding | $91,007 |
Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.
20232 grants / $23,600
Supporting autistic wellbeing in Victorian Schools (2023)$13,600
Funding body: Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre
| Funding body | Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre |
|---|---|
| Project Team | Lane, AE., Southall, A., Philpott-Robinson, K., Leonard, C., Bury, S |
| Scheme | Alumni & Advancement |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2023 |
| Funding Finish | 2023 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | C3200 – Aust Not-for Profit |
| Category | 3200 |
| UON | N |
Research Invested Schools – Scots College Research Office Partnership$10,000
Funding body: College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle
| Funding body | College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle |
|---|---|
| Project Team | Carl Leonard (Lead) Allyson Holbrook (Co-Investigator) Erika Spray (Co-Investigator) |
| Scheme | CHSF - Pilot Research Scheme: Projects, Pivots, Partnerships |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2023 |
| Funding Finish | 2023 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | Internal |
| Category | INTE |
| UON | N |
20223 grants / $35,695
Best Practice Guidelines on Supports for Students with Sensory Processing Challenges$18,179
Funding body: Queensland Department of Education
| Funding body | Queensland Department of Education |
|---|---|
| Project Team | Dr Carl Leonard, Dr Kylie Wales |
| Scheme | Guidelines on supports for students with sensory processing challenges |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2022 |
| Funding Finish | 2022 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | C1600 - Aust Competitive - StateTerritory Govt |
| Category | 1600 |
| UON | N |
Project Best Practice Guidelines on Supports for Students with Sensory Processing Challenges$16,526
Funding body: Queensland Department of Education
| Funding body | Queensland Department of Education |
|---|---|
| Project Team | Doctor Carl Leonard, Doctor Kylie Wales |
| Scheme | Research Contract |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2022 |
| Funding Finish | 2022 |
| GNo | G2200259 |
| Type Of Funding | C2300 – Aust StateTerritoryLocal – Own Purpose |
| Category | 2300 |
| UON | Y |
CHSF Conference Travel Grant$990
Funding body: College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle
| Funding body | College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle |
|---|---|
| Scheme | CHSF - Conference Travel Scheme |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2022 |
| Funding Finish | 2022 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | Internal |
| Category | INTE |
| UON | N |
20211 grants / $2,000
Conference Travel Scheme Grant$2,000
Funding body: College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle
| Funding body | College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle |
|---|---|
| Scheme | 2021 CHSF Conference Travel Scheme |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2021 |
| Funding Finish | 2021 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | Internal |
| Category | INTE |
| UON | N |
20202 grants / $29,712
Supporting Quality Teaching at Kotara School$24,712
Funding body: Kotara School
| Funding body | Kotara School |
|---|---|
| Project Team | Doctor Leanne Fray, Laureate Professor Jennifer Gore, Associate Professor Jess Harris, Doctor Drew Miller, Doctor Judith Foggett, Doctor Carl Leonard |
| Scheme | Research Grant |
| Role | Investigator |
| Funding Start | 2020 |
| Funding Finish | 2021 |
| GNo | G2001056 |
| Type Of Funding | C2400 – Aust StateTerritoryLocal – Other |
| Category | 2400 |
| UON | Y |
Faculty of Education and Arts New Start Grant$5,000
Funding body: Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle
| Funding body | Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle |
|---|---|
| Scheme | New Start Grants |
| Role | Lead |
| Funding Start | 2020 |
| Funding Finish | 2020 |
| GNo | |
| Type Of Funding | Internal |
| Category | INTE |
| UON | N |
Research Supervision
Number of supervisions
Current Supervision
| Commenced | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Masters | Late Diagnosis of Female Autism and the Development of a Therapeutic Approach for Adolescents | M Philosophy (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2024 | Masters | Students with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) faces more suspensions than atypical peers. Is this due to inadequate support systems in schools that affect the unique challenges neurodiverse students with ADHD face on a daily basis? | M Philosophy (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2024 | PhD | Enhancing Teacher Education to Support Neurodiverse Students: Assessing Preparedness and Professional Development in Schools | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2023 | PhD | Teacher Perception of Wellbeing: Comparative Analysis of Mainstream and Special Education Teachers | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2022 | PhD | Emotion in Doctoral Learning, Candidate Development and Researcher Identity | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
| 2022 | PhD | Examining the Efficacy of a Tier 3 Number Sense Intervention for K-2 Students at risk of Mathematical Failure: Implications for Practice & Policy | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2022 | Masters | Among the Students with Giftedness, How are Students with Giftedness and a Learning Disability Identified? | M Philosophy (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2021 | PhD | What are the Unwritten Expectations That Rural Communities Hold Regarding the Role of Their Local Combined Sector Principal? | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
| 2020 | PhD | To Question or Not to Question? How Can Early Childhood Educators be Supported in their Process of Reflection? | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
| 2018 | PhD | Mobilising the Middle: The Promise Middle Leadership Holds for Successful Schools | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
Past Supervision
| Year | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | PhD | Self-regulation Practice in Occupational Therapy: A Conceptual Analysis | PhD (Occupational Therapy), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
| 2023 | PhD | Mental Health of Doctoral Students in Pakistan: A Mixed Methods Investigation of Intellectual and Emotional Challenges and Mental Health Risk Factors | PhD (Education), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
Dr Carl Leonard
Position
Senior Lecturer
School of Education
College of Human and Social Futures
Contact Details
| carl.leonard@newcastle.edu.au | |
| Phone | 0249217795 |
| Mobile | 0434890321 |
| Link | Google+ |
Office
| Room | V124 |
|---|---|
| Building | The Griffith Duncan Building |
| Location | Callaghan Campus University Drive Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia |
