Associate Professor Kiwako Ito
Associate Professor
School of Humanities, Creative Ind and Social Sci (Linguistics)
- Email:kiwako.ito@newcastle.edu.au
- Phone:(02) 4921 6109
The Rhythm and Melody of Language
Associate Professor Kiwako Ito is tuning in to the rhythm of speech to understand its complexities.
Associate Professor Kiwako Ito studies the effect of prosody, or rhythm and melody in speech and how people respond to it. Research on prosody is an important focus in many disciplines including Linguistics, Speech Pathology, Education, Psychology and Computer Science. Ito’s own empirical research into how people respond to the emphasis in speech is focused on children with developmental disorders, aging adults and hearing impaired individuals. Kiwako was named by The Australian as leader of the field of Language and Linguistics, with the highest number of citations from papers published in the last five years in the 20 top journals in the field.
One of her latest studies has delivered exciting results that disprove the stereotype that children with autism are generally not sensitive to prosody and ‘joint attention cues’.
The study focused on children aged one to three years old and involved them watching a video where an actor asks ‘Where is the pig,’ then turns their head to look at the pig. Associate Professor Ito used an eye tracking device to monitor the child’s gaze and test whether the children would respond to the speech cues and joint attention cues of the actor turning their head and pointing.
Associate Professor Ito says that what she found went against the stereotypical belief that children with autism don’t respond to speech and social cues.
“A joint attention cue such as pointing, a head turn or a shift of gaze is what we use to draw attention of others to the same direction. Typically developing children are expected to follow the gaze of the actor to the thing that is pointed to. The prediction for this experiment was that children with autism would have low sensitivity to these cues,” she said.
“The data from this study proves that wrong. The children we tested were actually very sensitive and did shift their gaze according to the joint attention cues and it happened much faster than expected. They are also sensitive to the emphasis in speech.”
Lab for Applied Language Sciences
The eye tracking device Associate Professor Ito uses is the key instrument in a new Lab for Applied Language Sciences at the University of Newcastle. Associate Professor Ito plans to develop the lab as a collaborative space where she can work with researchers from other disciplines on a broad range of applications.
“The eye tracker is set up to chase the eye movements of anyone from infants to people playing a board game or using a computer. What I manipulate is the speech input. In most of my experiments I show the subject something and then I test reactions to the placement of emphasis in speech,” Associate Professor Ito said.
“This can tell us how quickly the mind processes the speech input and how quickly we make decisions accordingly. Our eye movements are one of the fastest muscle responses in our body. It’s part of our natural survival system and we can’t help moving our eyes around if there is some informative input such as speech,” she said.
The lab offers opportunities for collaboration with pathology clinicians, medical researchers, psychologists and educators. Ito expects that research will include speech perception in children, adults and people with clinical conditions, grammatical development in school age children and children with developmental disorders and the effect of specific types of training on second/foreign language processing.
“I keep hearing from educators that the anxiety issue is really prevalent at all stages of development, so that is another area I am aiming to cultivate in the lab.”
“My study of prosody also incorporates the tone of voice, which means I can run experiments to see what kind of tone of voice can help people focus or get their attention without making them anxious,” she said.
“We can also incorporate the presence or absence of gesture. When people talk they use facial expressions, eye gaze and body language, so we can experiment to see what kind of combination is most effective and a good mode for communication.”
How is grammar heard?
A new research project that Ito is commencing involves speech pathology and education collaborators. Their research aims to get a baseline of how typically developing children hear and process grammar.
“We then hope to extend this process and assess how children with hearing disabilities process speech and respond to speech stimuli,” Associate Professor Ito said.
“The experiment we are setting up has to do with how people hear or don’t hear the ‘s’ in a sentence. For example take the sentence: ‘The alligators that slowly moved through the swamp hear the frog.’ If you hear the ‘s’ at the beginning of the sentence on ‘alligators’ you expect not to hear the ‘s’ on the verb ‘hear’.”
“If they can’t hear the ‘s’ they can’t process the grammatical function. People are not aware of this process they are doing daily, but the eye-tracker can capture the moment they respond to the ‘s’ or not respond.”
This type of research will create a database that informs us what age school age children start responding to this type of stimuli and process grammar.
“We can compare data between children and adults and draw the trajectory of grammar and language development,” Associate Professor Ito said.
“We can then test children with hearing disabilities, autism, and memory problems and compare it to the baseline data. This will show us how speech perception and memory span interacts and affects the ability to process grammar.”
Associate Professor Ito says her research is ideal for industry applications and there may be organisations who are interested in supporting this research to produce a communication device that is specific to the clinical condition.
“Through this research we will find out what kind of cues are processed better by people with hearing disabilities and by people who have attention disorders or memory deficits. This can also be applied to aging populations who have both hearing and memory declination.”
The Rhythm and Melody of Language
Associate Professor Kiwako Ito is tuning in to the rhythm of speech to understand its complexities.
Career Summary
Biography
Research Topics
I investigate how people understand spoken language. I apply psycholinguistic methodologies (e.g., eye-tracking) to study how people respond to speech signals in a wide range of groups of language users.
My research focuses on the effect of prosody (i.e., dynamicity in rhythm and melody in speech) on the comprehension of spoken message. I have investigated how children process prosodic emphasis (e.g., louder, longer words with dynamic pitch movement) while they comprehend spoken sentences. I have demonstrated prosodic functions also in adolescents with Williams syndrome and children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). These studies suggest that dynamic speech can facilitate communication with people with developmental disorders, although people with cognitive impairment may process prosodic speech signals differently than their typically-developing peers.
I am also interested in how adult foreign language learners process spoken input in their second language and how they improve their foreign language skills. My recent work on second language acquisition includes the study on the effects of working memory and perceptual sensitivity on grammatical processing in L2 learners of English, and studies of the effects of non-traditional, input-processing training on the acquisition of new grammatical structures in French. Our research team is currently investigating the effect of multi-dialect input on the acquisition of novel grammatical structures.
As a program convenor of the Master of Translation Studies, I am leading a collaboration project which creates field-specific translation databases with materials from local Health and Education service providers (governmental sectors and NGOs/NPOs). This project aims to assess how high quality translations can improve the services for immigrants and to provide students with opportunities for community engagement. The program also offers multiple work-integrated-learning (WIL) opportunities to collaborate with AI-based translation system developer and translation agencies.
Recent Presentations
Smith, A., Ito, K., & Palmer, B (2022). Gamifying the Acquisition of Novel Spatial Terms: A Pilot Eye-Tracking Study. Annual Conference of Australian Linguistic Society. Melbourne, Australia.
Ito, K., Kryszak, E., & Ibanez, T. (2022). 'Effect of Prosodic Emphasis on the Processing of Joint-Attention Cues in Children with ASD', SpeechProsody
Ito, K., Minai, U. & Royer, A. (2021). Quantifier spreading and the role of prosody in children and adults: an eye tracking study. Poster at the 46th Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston, MA.
Ito, K. & Wynne, W. (2021). Effect of Phonetically Variable Input for L2 syntactic processing: benefit of short intervention to learn French causative structure. Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP) 2021. Paris, France.
Ito, K., Nakamura, C., Narraway, T., Flynn, T., Shaw, K., Jung, J., & Frick, B. (2021). L2 processing of Subject-Verb Agreement (SVA): they hear it but can’t process it? Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP) 2021. Paris, France.
Teaching
Invited lectures/talks:
- University of Kansas Linguistics Colloquium: “Prosody for Communication: toward a holistic approach”. Oct, 2021.
- Macquarie University Research Seminar Series: “Subject-Verb Agreement in L2 processing: L2 learners are sensitive to subject plurality but no to verb plurality?” July, 2021.
- Workshop on eye-tracking methodology: International Child Phonology Conference. June, 2021.
- Workshop on phonetic and psycholinguistic approaches to L2 speech acquisition, Daitobunka Univ, Japan. Jan, 2021.
- Processing Prosody across Languages, Varieties, and Nativeness. Tübingen, Germany: Aug 31 – Sep 1, 2017.
- Aix Summer School on Prosody. Methods in Prosody and Intonation Research: Data, Theories, Transcription. Aix-en Provence, France: Sep 6-9, 2016.
- Workshop on Visual World Paradigm and Speech Processing: Laboratoire Parole & Langage, Aix-en Provence, France: 9/10-11, 2012.
- Eye tracking methodology. LSA Summer Mini-Institute: 7/14-18, 2008
- Intonation and discourse structures in unscripted conversation.Invited 1-week tutorial Department of Linguistics, University of Leipzig, Germany, 2004.
Courses Taught:
- Language and Cognition/Mind: 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
- Phonetics: 2014, 2016, 2021, 2022, 2023
- Second Language Acquisition: 2020, 2021
- Bilingualism: 2019, 2022
- Human Evaluation of Machine Translation: 2022, 2023
- Language and the Mind: 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
- Introduction to Language in the Humanities: 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
- Eye-tracking Methods for Psycholinguistics: 2010, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2018
- Seminar in Psycholinguistics: 2011, 2012
- The Basics of Language for Language Learners: 2012, 2013
Qualifications
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Illinois
- Masters in Linguistics, University of Illinois
Keywords
- Eyetracking for Studying Language Processing
- Language Acquisition
- Psycholinguistics
- Speech Signal Processing
Fields of Research
Code | Description | Percentage |
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470402 | Child language acquisition | 25 |
520405 | Psycholinguistics (incl. speech production and comprehension) | 50 |
470401 | Applied linguistics and educational linguistics | 25 |
Professional Experience
UON Appointment
Title | Organisation / Department |
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Associate Professor | University of Newcastle School of Humanities, Creative Ind and Social Sci Australia |
Teaching
Code | Course | Role | Duration |
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LING2006 |
Phonetics University of Newcastle |
Course Coordinator | 22/2/2021 - 4/6/2021 |
LING3120/6030 |
Second Language Acquisition The University of Newcastle |
Course Coordinator | 19/7/2021 - 7/11/2021 |
LING1112 |
Introduction to Linguistics 2 Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Australia |
Course Coordinator | 30/7/2019 - 12/10/2019 |
Ling2502 |
Issues of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education Faculty of Education and Arts, The University of Newcastle, Australia |
Course Coodinator | 30/7/2019 - 12/10/2019 |
LING3110 |
Language and Cognition School of Humanities and Social Science - Faculty of Education and Arts - The University of Newcastle |
Course Coordinator | 22/2/2021 - 4/6/2021 |
Publications
For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.
Chapter (7 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | |||||
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2021 |
Wong W, Ito K, Glimois L, 'PI and the French causative and passive constructions: Examining transfer-of-training effects using eye-tracking', Research on Second Language Processing and Processing Instruction: Studies in honor of Bill VanPatten, John Benjamins B.V., Amsterdam, Netherlands 261-294 (2021) [B1]
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Nova | ||||||
2018 |
Ito K, 'Gradual development of focus prosody and affect prosody comprehension: A proposal for a holistic approach', Trends in Language Acquisition Research 247-270 (2018) Excellence in communication skills requires an ability to appropriately represent the discourse structure including focus, as well as good comprehension of speaker affect. Both fo... [more] Excellence in communication skills requires an ability to appropriately represent the discourse structure including focus, as well as good comprehension of speaker affect. Both focus and affect are communicated in large part through prosody, so comprehension and production of the accompanying prosody is essential. However, past studies on focus prosody have been both theoretically and methodologically separated from the research on affect prosody. (In this chapter, I use the term 'focus prosody' to refer to prosodic phenomena that are either produced or perceived as the cue to a specific part of speech that conveys the focal content of a message. This includes 'narrow focus', which is defined in terms of the informational scope (e.g., answers to Wh-questions), and 'contrastive focus', which is a subtype of narrow focus that evokes interpretational alternatives.) This chapter argues that the suggested difference in the developmental trajectory (i.e., focus prosody develops slower as compared to affect prosody) may be an artifact of the perspective divergence, and points out that the mastery of prosodic skills in both these domains must be necessarily gradual - though they may not develop hand-in-hand. A holistic approach that considers the interaction between affect prosody and focus prosody is proposed as a future direction of the research on prosodic development within and across individuals.
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2014 | Ito K, 'Children s pragmatic use of prosodic prominence', Pragmatic Development in First Language Acquisition, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam (2014) | |||||||
2013 |
White M, Rajkumar R, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Eye tracking for the online evaluation of prosody in speech synthesis', Natural Language Generation in Interactive Systems 281-301 (2013) The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in speech synthesis research, to the point where synthetic voices can be hard to distinguish from natural ones, at least for utte... [more] The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in speech synthesis research, to the point where synthetic voices can be hard to distinguish from natural ones, at least for utterances with neutral, declarative prosody. Neutral intonation often does not suffice, however, in interactive systems: instead it can sound disengaged or ¿dead,¿ and can be misleading as to the intended meaning. For concept-to-speech systems, especially interactive ones, natural language generation researchers have developed a variety of methods for making contextually appropriate prosodic choices, depending on discourse-related factors such as givenness, parallelism, or theme/rheme alternative sets, as well as information-theoretic considerations (Prevost, 1995; Hitzeman et al., 1998; Pan et al., 2002; Bulyko and Ostendorf, 2002; Theune, 2002; Kruijff-Korbayová et al., 2003; Nakatsu and White, 2006; Brenier et al., 2006; White et al., 2010). In this setting, it is possible to adapt limited-domain synthesis techniques to produce utterances with perceptually distinguishable, contextually varied intonation (see Black and Lenzo, 2000; Baker, 2003; van Santen et al., 2005; Clark et al., 2007, for example). To evaluate these utterances, listening tests have typically been employed, sometimes augmented with expert evaluations. For example, evaluating the limited domain voice used in the FLIGHTS concept-to-speech system (Moore et al., 2004; White et al., 2010) demonstrated that the prosodic specifications produced by the natural language generation component of the system yielded significantly more natural synthetic speech in listening tests and, in an expert evaluation, compared to two baseline voices.
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Show 4 more chapters |
Journal article (20 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | |||||
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2023 |
MINAI U, ITO K, ROYER A, 'Comprehension and processing of the universal quantifier in children, adolescents and adults', Journal of Child Language, 1-21 [C1]
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2021 |
Ito K, Wong W, 'SOMETIMES LESS IS MORE THE EFFECTS OF PHONETICALLY VARIABLE INPUT ON AUDITORY PROCESSING INSTRUCTION FOR L2 FRENCH', STUDIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION, 44 1045-1070 (2021) [C1]
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Nova | ||||||
2021 |
Wiener S, Ito K, Speer SR, 'EFFECTS OF MULTITALKER INPUT AND INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD ON THE DIMENSION-BASED STATISTICAL LEARNING OF SYLLABLE-TONE COMBINATIONS', Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 43 155-180 (2021) [C1]
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Nova | ||||||
2020 |
Wiener S, Chan MKM, Ito K, 'Do Explicit Instruction and High Variability Phonetic Training Improve Nonnative Speakers Mandarin Tone Productions?', Modern Language Journal, 104 152-168 (2020) [C1] This study examines the putative benefits of explicit phonetic instruction, high variability phonetic training, and their effects on adult nonnative speakers¿ Mandarin tone produc... [more] This study examines the putative benefits of explicit phonetic instruction, high variability phonetic training, and their effects on adult nonnative speakers¿ Mandarin tone productions. Monolingual first language (L1) English speakers (n = 80), intermediate second language (L2) Mandarin learners (n = 40), and L1 Mandarin speakers (n = 40) took part in a multiday Mandarin-like artificial language learning task. Participants were asked to repeat a syllable¿tone combination immediately after hearing it. Half of all participants were exposed to speech from 1 talker (low variability) while the other half heard speech from 4 talkers (high variability). Half of the L1 English participants were given daily explicit instruction on Mandarin tone contours, while the other half were not. Tone accuracy was measured by L1 Mandarin raters (n = 104) who classified productions according to their perceived tonal category. Explicit instruction of tone contours facilitated L1 English participants¿ production of rising and falling tone contours. High variability input alone had no main effect on participants¿ productions but interacted with explicit instruction to improve participants¿ productions of high-level tone contours. These results motivate an L2 tone production training approach that consists of explicit tone instruction followed by gradual exposure to more variable speech.
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Nova | ||||||
2018 |
Wiener S, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Early L2 Spoken Word Recognition Combines Input-Based and Knowledge-Based Processing', LANGUAGE AND SPEECH, 61 632-656 (2018) [C1]
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2017 |
Ito K, Turnbull R, Speer S, 'Allophonic tunes of contrast: Lab and spontaneous speech lead to equivalent fixation responses in museum visitors', Laboratory Phonology, 8 1-29 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Ito K, Martens MA, 'Contrast-marking prosodic emphasis in Williams syndrome: results of detailed phonetic analysis', International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 52 46-58 (2017) Background: Past reports on the speech production of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) suggest that their prosody is anomalous and may lead to challenges in spoken communica... [more] Background: Past reports on the speech production of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) suggest that their prosody is anomalous and may lead to challenges in spoken communication. While existing prosodic assessments confirm that individuals with WS fail to use prosodic emphasis to express contrast, those reports typically lack detailed phonetic analysis of speech data. The present study examines the acoustic properties of speech prosody, aiming for the future development of targeted speech interventions. Aims: The study examines the three primary acoustic correlates of prosodic emphasis (duration, intensity, F0) and determines whether individuals with WS have difficulty in producing all or a particular set of the three prosodic cues. Methods & Procedures: Speech produced by 12 individuals with WS and 12 chronological age (CA)-matched typically developing individuals were recorded. A sequential picture-naming task elicited production of target phrases in three contexts: (1) no contrast: gorilla with a racket ¿ rabbit with a balloon; (2) contrast on the animal: fox with a balloon ¿ rabbit with a balloon; and (3) contrast on the object: rabbit with a ball ¿ rabbit with a balloon. The three acoustic correlates of prosodic prominence (duration, intensity and F0) were compared across the three referential contexts. Outcomes & Results: The two groups exhibited striking similarities in their use of word duration and intensity for expressing contrast. Both groups showed the reduction and enhancement of final lengthening, and the enhancement and reduction of intensity difference for the animal contrast and for the object contrast conditions, respectively. The two groups differed in their use of F0: the CA group produced higher F0 for the animal than for the object regardless of the context, and this difference was enhanced when the animal noun was contrastive. In contrast, the WS group produced higher F0 for the object than for the animal when the object was contrastive. Conclusions & Implications: The present data contradict previous assessment results that report a lack of prosodic skills to mark contrast in individuals with WS. The methodological differences that may account for this variability are discussed. The present data suggest that individuals with WS produce appropriate prosodic cues to express contrast, although their use of pitch may be somewhat atypical. Additional data and future speech comprehension studies will determine whether pitch modulation can be targeted for speech intervention in individuals with WS.
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2017 |
Turnbull R, Royer AJ, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Prominence perception is dependent on phonology, semantics, and awareness of discourse', Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 32 1017-1033 (2017) The perception of prosodic prominence is thought to be influenced by multiple competing factors. Three experiments tested the effects of phonological salience, discourse context a... [more] The perception of prosodic prominence is thought to be influenced by multiple competing factors. Three experiments tested the effects of phonological salience, discourse context and listener¿s knowledge about the discourse on prosodic prominence judgements, using short adjective¿noun phrases extracted from a corpus of spontaneous speech. These phrases had either a prominent L + H* 0 or a less prominent H* !H* pitch accent contour. The phrases were presented in a discourse context which either supported or did not support a contrastive interpretation of the adjective. Effects of the contrastive context to increase the perception of prominence only emerged for the phrases with the phonologically prominent L + H* 0 pitch accent sequence. Additionally, the magnitude of the contrast effect was correlated with the listener¿s awareness of the discourse context, suggesting an ample interplay between linguistic context, pragmatic context, and phonology in prominence perception.
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2016 |
Wiener S, Ito K, 'Impoverished acoustic input triggers probability-based tone processing in mono-dialectal Mandarin listeners', Journal of Phonetics, 56 38-51 (2016) Previous research on Mandarin spoken word recognition suggests that when processing lexical tone native listeners tune to various acoustic properties of the incoming signal such a... [more] Previous research on Mandarin spoken word recognition suggests that when processing lexical tone native listeners tune to various acoustic properties of the incoming signal such as f0 height, contour and change. These studies overlook the uneven distribution of tone across the Mandarin lexicon; given a particular string of segments, native listeners may be more likely to anticipate a certain tone due to prior experience with the language. The present study used the gating paradigm to investigate how much of the acoustic signal is needed for listeners to trigger such probability-based tone processing. Duration-blocked gates were generated from twelve low frequency and twelve high frequency mono-syllabic morphemes, with each syllable carrying either the most or least probable tone based on spoken corpora. Results from 22 mono-dialectal Mandarin speakers indicate that listeners immediately begin making use of tonal probability information after hearing only the onset and 40 ms of the vowel, primarily when hearing infrequent syllables. These findings demonstrate that the processing of suprasegmental information can be initiated with previously learned distributional knowledge until sufficient acoustic cues inform the listener of an incoming word.
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2015 |
Ito K, Arai M, Hirose Y, 'The interpretation of phrase-medial prosodic prominence in Japanese: is it sensitive to visual and discourse context?', Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30 167-196 (2015) Due to the language-specific prosodic architecture, a phrase-medial pitch expansion in Japanese may signal either a narrow contrast or the beginning of a new syntactic phrase. To ... [more] Due to the language-specific prosodic architecture, a phrase-medial pitch expansion in Japanese may signal either a narrow contrast or the beginning of a new syntactic phrase. To examine how visual and discourse context affects the tug of war between these two interpretations, three eye-tracking experiments tested the interpretation of a pitch expansion in referential contexts that varied in the plausibility of contrastive interpretation. The results showed that the degree of structural interpretation was inversely related to the plausibility of contrastive interpretation. Although there was no direct evidence of contrastive processing of the pitch prominence, participants responded to the trials with the pitch expansion much slower than to those without the expansion only when the contrastive interpretation of the pitch prominence was contextually infelicitous. These results suggest that the phrase-medial pitch expansion may have been simultaneously processed for contrast and structural disambiguation. However, the task that demanded resolutions of standing referential ambiguities seemed to make the structural disambiguation the best use of the prosodic cue.
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2015 |
Wiener S, Ito K, 'Do syllable-specific tonal probabilities guide lexical access? Evidence from Mandarin, Shanghai and Cantonese speakers', Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 30 1048-1060 (2015) An eye-tracking study investigated how the interaction between syllable frequency and syllable-specific tonal probability guides online lexical access in speakers of mutually unin... [more] An eye-tracking study investigated how the interaction between syllable frequency and syllable-specific tonal probability guides online lexical access in speakers of mutually unintelligible Chinese dialects with three disparate tonal systems. Mono-dialectal Mandarin speakers, bi-dialectal Shanghai¿Mandarin speakers and bi-dialectal Cantonese¿Mandarin speakers searched for target Mandarin syllable¿tone combinations while their eye movements and mouse clicks were recorded. The results showed dialectal differences in online eye fixation patterns but not in offline mouse responses. For all groups, mouse clicks were fastest for infrequent syllables with most probable tones and slowest for infrequent syllables with least probable tones. In online eye movement responses, only mono-dialectal Mandarin speakers showed an interaction between syllable frequency and tonal probability. Mono-dialectal Mandarin speakers¿ fixations were fastest for infrequent syllables with probable tones and slowest for infrequent syllables with improbable tones. Mono-dialectal speakers also showed a greater amount of competition from the more probable segmental competitor when hearing improbable tones. Bi-dialectal speakers showed different timing in their integration of tonal probabilities. These findings suggest that highly bilingual speakers track and use Mandarin tonal probabilities, but their sensitivity to L2 tonal information may lag behind monolinguals for online word recognition.
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2015 |
Wagner L, Speer SR, Moore LC, Mccullough EA, Ito K, Clopper CG, Campbell-Kibler K, 'Linguistics in a Science Museum: Integrating Research, Teaching, and Outreach at the Language Sciences Research Lab', Language and Linguistics Compass, 9 420-431 (2015) We describe the mission and practices of the Language Sciences Research Lab, a fully functional research lab embedded within a science museum. Within this environment, we integrat... [more] We describe the mission and practices of the Language Sciences Research Lab, a fully functional research lab embedded within a science museum. Within this environment, we integrate cutting-edge research, formal instruction, informal learning, and outreach to the public so that our work in each domain interacts with and enriches the others. We are guided by core concepts from the field of informal science education, and we strive to inspire excitement and expand both scholarly and public knowledge about the language sciences.
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2014 |
Ito K, Bibyk SA, Wagner L, Speer SR, 'Interpretation of contrastive pitch accent in six- to eleven-year-old English-speaking children (and adults)', Journal of Child Language, 41 82-108 (2014) Both off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch pro... [more] Both off-line and on-line comprehension studies suggest not only toddlers and preschoolers, but also older school-age children have trouble interpreting contrast-marking pitch prominence. To test whether children achieve adult-like proficiency in processing contrast-marking prosody during school years, an eye-tracking experiment examined the effect of accent on referential resolution in six- to eleven-year-old children and adults. In all age groups, a prominent accent facilitated the detection of a target in contrastive discourse sequences (pink cat¿green cat), whereas it led to a garden path in non-contrastive sequences (pink rabbit¿green monkey: the initial fixations were on rabbits). While the data indicate that children as young as age six immediately interpret contrastive accent, even the oldest child group showed delayed fixations compared to adults. We argue that the children's slower recovery from the garden path reflects the gradual development in cognitive flexibility that matures independently of general oculomotor control. Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012.
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2012 |
Ito K, Jincho N, Minai U, Yamane N, Mazuka R, 'Intonation facilitates contrast resolution: Evidence from Japanese adults and 6-year olds', Journal of Memory and Language, 66 265-284 (2012) Two eye-tracking experiments tested how pitch prominence on a prenominal adjective affects contrast resolution in Japanese adult and 6-year old listeners. Participants located two... [more] Two eye-tracking experiments tested how pitch prominence on a prenominal adjective affects contrast resolution in Japanese adult and 6-year old listeners. Participants located two animals in succession on displays with multiple colored animals. In Experiment 1, adults' fixations to the contrastive target (pink cat ¿ GREEN cat) were facilitated by a pitch expansion on the adjective while infelicitous pitch expansion (purple rabbit ¿ ORANGE monkey) led to a garden-path effect, i.e., frequent fixations to the incorrect target (orange rabbit). In 6-year olds, only the facilitation effect surfaced. Hypothesizing that the interval between the two questions may not have given enough time for children to overcome their tendency to perseverate on the first target, Experiment 2 used longer intervals and confirmed a garden-path effect in 6-year olds. These results demonstrate that Japanese 6-year olds can make use of contrast-marking pitch prominence when time allows an establishment of proper discourse representation. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
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2009 |
Speer SR, Ito K, 'Prosody in first language acquisition - Acquiring intonation as a tool to organize information in conversation', Linguistics and Language Compass, 3 90-110 (2009) Recent research on children's acquisition of prosody, or the rhythm and melody in language, demonstrates that young children use prosody in their comprehension and production... [more] Recent research on children's acquisition of prosody, or the rhythm and melody in language, demonstrates that young children use prosody in their comprehension and production of utterances to a greater extent than was previously documented. Spoken language, structured by prosodic form, is the primary input on which the mental representations and processes that comprise language use are built. Understanding how children acquire prosody and develop the mapping between prosody and other aspects of language is crucial to any effort to model the role of prosody in the processing system. We focus on two aspects of prosody that have been shown to play a primary role in its use as an organizational device in human languages, prosodic phrasal grouping, and intonational prominence. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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2008 |
Ito K, Speer SR, 'Anticipatory effects of intonation: Eye movements during instructed visual search', Journal of Memory and Language, 58 541-573 (2008) Three eye-tracking experiments investigated the role of pitch accents during online discourse comprehension. Participants faced a grid with ornaments, and followed prerecorded ins... [more] Three eye-tracking experiments investigated the role of pitch accents during online discourse comprehension. Participants faced a grid with ornaments, and followed prerecorded instructions such as "Next, hang the blue ball" to decorate holiday trees. Experiment 1 demonstrated a processing advantage for felicitous as compared to infelicitous uses of L + H* on the adjective noun pair (e.g., blue ball followed by GREEN ball vs. green BALL). Experiment 2 confirmed that L + H* on a contrastive adjective led to 'anticipatory' fixations, and demonstrated a "garden path" effect for infelicitous L+H* in sequences with no discourse contrast (e.g., blue angel followed by GREEN ball resulted in erroneous fixations to the cell of angels). Experiment 3 examined listeners' sensitivity to coherence between pitch accents assigned to discourse markers such as 'And then,' and those assigned to the target object noun phrase. © 2008.
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Show 17 more journal articles |
Conference (95 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | |||||
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2023 | Harris C, Cowan A, Ito K, Narraway T, Hardy A, Osborn J, 'Insensitivity to -s in Japanese and Chinese learners of English: evidence from picture selection task', Wollongong (2023) | |||||||
2023 | Harris C, Cowan A, Ito K, Narraway T, Osborn J, Hardy A, 'Processing subject-verb agreement (SVA) in Japanese and Chinese learners of English: a picture selection task.', Sydney, Australia. (2023) | |||||||
2023 | Cowan A, Harris C, Ito K, Narraway T, Hardy A, Osborn J, 'Gaps in L2 acquisition: Word ending -s production in Chinese and Japanese Learners of English.', Wollongong (2023) | |||||||
2022 |
Ito K, Kryszak E, Ibanez T, 'Effect of Prosodic Emphasis on the Processing of Joint-Attention Cues in Children with ASD', Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody, Lisbon, Portugal (2022) [E1]
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Nova | ||||||
2017 |
Elsner M, Ito K, 'An Automatically Aligned Corpus of Child-directed Speech', 18TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPEECH COMMUNICATION ASSOCIATION (INTERSPEECH 2017), VOLS 1-6, SWEDEN, Stockholm (2017) [E1]
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2017 |
Elsner M, Ito K, 'An automatically aligned corpus of child-directed speech', Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, INTERSPEECH (2017) Forced alignment would enable phonetic analyses of child directed speech (CDS) corpora which have existing transcriptions. But existing alignment systems are inaccurate due to the... [more] Forced alignment would enable phonetic analyses of child directed speech (CDS) corpora which have existing transcriptions. But existing alignment systems are inaccurate due to the atypical phonetics of CDS. We adapt a Kaldi forced alignment system to CDS by extending the dictionary and providing it with heuristically-derived hints for vowel locations. Using this system, we present a new time-aligned CDS corpus with a million aligned segments. We manually correct a subset of the corpus and demonstrate that our system is 70% accurate. Both our automatic and manually corrected alignments are publically available at osf.io/ke44q.
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2016 |
Wiener S, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Individual variability in the distributional learning of L2 lexical tone', Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody 2016, Boston, MA (2016) [E1]
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2016 |
Petrone C, Lonobile A, Zielinski C, Ito K, 'Effects of prosody in processing speaker commitment in French', Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Boston, MA (2016) [E1]
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2014 |
Turnbull R, Royer AJ, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Prominence perception in and out of context', Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody (2014) The perception of prosodic prominence is known to be influenced by several distinct factors. In this study, we investigated the role of context, both global and local, in the prom... [more] The perception of prosodic prominence is known to be influenced by several distinct factors. In this study, we investigated the role of context, both global and local, in the prominence judgements of näi{dotless}ve listeners. Monolingual English listeners marked where they heard prominence on pairs of twoword phrases (e.g. blue ball, green drum). Stimuli varied in whether or not the first phrase implied a contrastive focus on the second phrase. We found clear evidence of a hierarchy of prominence across pitch accent types: L+H* > H* > !H* > unaccented. Additionally, we found that contrast status only affected prominence markings when the participants were made explicitly aware of the discourse context and were instructed to imagine themselves physically present to observe the conversation. This effect of global context suggests that information structure cannot be reliably interpreted in the absence of an established discourse context. Taken together, these results suggest that näi{dotless}ve listeners are sensitive to prominence differences at levels corresponding to categorical annotations. Perception of a word's relative prominence was consistently influenced by phonetic and phonological factors, while pragmatic factors (such as contrast-evoking context) required more elaborate plausibility manipulations in order to affect prominence perception.
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2009 |
White M, Rajkumar R, Ito K, Speer SR, 'Eye tracking for the online evaluation of prosody in speech synthesis: Not so fast!', Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, INTERSPEECH (2009) This paper presents an eye-tracking experiment comparing the processing of different accent patterns in unit selection synthesis and human speech. The synthetic speech results fai... [more] This paper presents an eye-tracking experiment comparing the processing of different accent patterns in unit selection synthesis and human speech. The synthetic speech results failed to replicate the facilitative effect of contextually appropriate accent patterns found with human speech, while producing a more robust intonational garden-path effect with contextually inappropriate patterns, both of which could be due to processing delays seen with the synthetic speech. As the synthetic speech was of high quality, the results indicate that eye tracking holds promise as a highly sensitive and objective method for the online evaluation of prosody in speech synthesis. Copyright © 2009 ISCA.
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2008 |
Metusalem R, Ito K, 'The role of L+H* pitch accent in discourse construction', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Speech Prosody, SP 2008 (2008) L+H* is claimed to evoke contrast between lt whether this prominent accent projects a contrastive relation for the discourse foreground, spontaneous continuations of short stories... [more] L+H* is claimed to evoke contrast between lt whether this prominent accent projects a contrastive relation for the discourse foreground, spontaneous continuations of short stories were examined. For both subject and object positions, participants mentioned contrastive alternatives more often when the corresponding discourse entity was introduced with L+H* in the context. Also, the presence of L+H* on a discourse marker (e.g., And NEXT) that preceded the continuation facilitated the mention of the contrastive subject/object. These results do not merely confirm the function of L+H* on arguments in projecting contrastive relations, but also uncovers the facilitative mediation of the contrastive relation by L+H* on a discourse marker.
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2008 |
Ito K, Speer SR, 'Use of L+H* for immediate contrast resolution', Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Speech Prosody, SP 2008 (2008) Previous eye tracking studies [1] demonstrated that a prominent L+H* accent in English instructions evoked a contrastive relationship between discourse referents, immediately guid... [more] Previous eye tracking studies [1] demonstrated that a prominent L+H* accent in English instructions evoked a contrastive relationship between discourse referents, immediately guiding listeners' eye movements to contrastive candidates in the visual scene. However, the visual layout in the previous study conflated looks to contrastive candidates with those to previously fixated object groups, thus calling into question the cause of the very early fixations to contrastive targets. In order to eliminate the possibility that L+H* evokes contrast only when the visual layout allows easy detection of the target, the current experiment used layouts where contrastive candidates had separate visual domains. The results confirm the immediate effect of L+H*, demonstrating a faster increase in fixations to contrastive targets than with H*. In addition, results show an intonational 'garden-path effect' due to the immediate integration of L+H* as contrast marking accent.
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2008 |
Speer SR, Ito K, 'Prominence and phrasing in spoken discourse processing', INLG 2008 - 5th International Natural Language Generation Conference, Proceedings of the Conference (2008) We review psycholinguistic research on the use of intonation in dialogue, focusing on our own recent work. In experiments using complex real-world tasks and naïve speakers and lis... [more] We review psycholinguistic research on the use of intonation in dialogue, focusing on our own recent work. In experiments using complex real-world tasks and naïve speakers and listeners, we show that speakers reliably specific prosodic cues to signal their intensions, and that listeners use these cues to recognize syntactic and pragmatic aspects of discourse meaning.
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2006 |
Ito K, Speer SR, 'Immediate effects of intonational prominence in a visual search task', Proceedings of the International Conference on Speech Prosody (2006) Previous observation of spontaneous speech has shown consistent use of pitch accent by speakers to mark the contrastive status of words. To investigate how listeners process accen... [more] Previous observation of spontaneous speech has shown consistent use of pitch accent by speakers to mark the contrastive status of words. To investigate how listeners process accentual prominence marking a contrast, eyemovements were monitored while participants listened to spoken directions and searched for ornaments to decorate holiday trees. Eye movement latencies to the target ornament cells were shorter when the intonation felicitously marked contrast on the color (e.g. First, hang the green drum ¿ Next, hang the ORANGE drum.) than when it did not (¿ orange DRUM). Felicitous pitch accent placement also induced earlier fixations to the target compared to trials that simply lacked the emphatic accent (¿ orange drum). In addition, the infelicitous use of the accent on the color modifier (e.g. green drum ¿ ORANGE ball) led to incorrect initial fixations to the preceding ornament cell (e.g. drum) before the noun itself was processed. These results demonstrate the immediate processing of accentual information on a modifier that leads to a strong expectation about the upcoming discourse entity.
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Show 92 more conferences |
Grants and Funding
Summary
Number of grants | 16 |
---|---|
Total funding | $2,691,732 |
Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.
20241 grants / $5,000
2024 CHSF Pilot Research Scheme - Ito$5,000
Funding body: University of Newcastle
Funding body | University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | Pilot Funding Scheme |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2024 |
Funding Finish | 2024 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20233 grants / $27,228
Harnessing diversity in second language acquisition: Saving learners from fossilization with multi-dialect input$12,300
Funding body: Ministry of Higher Education and Research
Funding body | Ministry of Higher Education and Research |
---|---|
Project Team | Ito, K. (UON) & Welby, P. (CNRS, Univ of New Caledonia) |
Scheme | FASIC: the Franco-Australian Hubert Curien Program |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2023 |
Funding Finish | 2023 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | C3232 - International Govt - Other |
Category | 3232 |
UON | N |
Power of voice diversity in second language acquisition: saving French learners from fossilization with multi-speaker input$9,984
Funding body: CHSF
Funding body | CHSF |
---|---|
Project Team | Ito, K., Vuaille-Barcan, M-L. (UON), Wong, W. (OSU), Welby, P. (CNRS/U of New Caledonia) |
Scheme | CHSF Matched Funding Scheme |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2023 |
Funding Finish | 2023 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
To the side of, or just nearby? An eye-tracking study of an undifferentiated egocentric transverse axis in Australian English$4,944
Funding body: Australian Linguistic Society
Funding body | Australian Linguistic Society |
---|---|
Project Team | Professor Bill Palmer, Professor Bill Palmer, Associate Professor Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2023 |
Funding Finish | 2023 |
GNo | G2300198 |
Type Of Funding | C3100 – Aust For Profit |
Category | 3100 |
UON | Y |
20221 grants / $15,000
Acquisition of novel space-referential systems of endangered languages through video-gaming$15,000
Funding body: College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle
Funding body | College of Human and Social Futures | University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | A/Prof Bill Palmer (lead), A/Prof Kiwako Ito, Prof Scott Brown |
Scheme | CHSF - Pilot Research Scheme: Projects, Pivots, Partnerships |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2022 |
Funding Finish | 2022 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20212 grants / $380,000
Advanced Communications Platform$350,000
Funding body: Office of DVC (Research and Innovation), University of Newcastle, Australia
Funding body | Office of DVC (Research and Innovation), University of Newcastle, Australia |
---|---|
Scheme | Stimulus Research Support Program (RSP-Stimulus) |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2021 |
Funding Finish | 2022 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Portable eye-tracker for multi-disciplinary field work$30,000
Funding body: The University of Newcastle - Research and Innovation Division
Funding body | The University of Newcastle - Research and Innovation Division |
---|---|
Scheme | Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) Grant for Early Career Interdisciplinary Research |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2021 |
Funding Finish | 2021 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20203 grants / $34,704
Faculty funding for external engagement in 2020 - Centre for 21st Century Humanities$20,000
Funding body: Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Dr J McIntyre (Director); Dr K Ariotti; A/Prof G Arrighi; Dr H Askland; Dr J Coffey; A/Prof N Cushing; E/Prof H Craig; A/Prof K Ito et al. |
Scheme | Faculty funding |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Individual's memory and their ability to process grammar: A comparative eye-tracking study$13,444
Funding body: Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | A/Prof Kiwako Ito (Lead), A/Prof Kylie Shaw and Dr Traci Flynn |
Scheme | Strategic Network and Pilot Project Grants Scheme |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
2020 Faculty of Education and Arts Strategic Early Advice and Feedback Scheme$1,260
Funding body: Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Dr Kiwa Ito |
Scheme | 2020 FEDUA Strategic Early Advice and Feedback Scheme |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20191 grants / $1,000
International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, 4 - 10 August 2019$1,000
Funding body: Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Scheme | FEDUA Conference Travel Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2019 |
Funding Finish | 2019 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20171 grants / $58,000
Examining changes in social and communication skills in young children with Autism Spectrum Disorder participating in Early Intensive Behavior Intervention$58,000
Funding body: Nationwide Children's Hospital
Funding body | Nationwide Children's Hospital |
---|---|
Project Team | Kryszak, Elizabeth; Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | Intramural Grant |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
20151 grants / $19,800
The representation, organization, and access of lexical tone by native and non-native Mandarin speakers$19,800
Funding body: National Science Foundation
Funding body | National Science Foundation |
---|---|
Project Team | Kiwako Ito; Seth Wiener |
Scheme | Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Award |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2015 |
Funding Finish | 2016 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
20071 grants / $306,000
Production and comprehension of spontaneous Japanese and English dialogue$306,000
Funding body: National Science Foundation
Funding body | National Science Foundation |
---|---|
Project Team | Shari R. Speer; Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | BCS-0617609 |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2007 |
Funding Finish | 2010 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
20061 grants / $1,627,000
Intonation in spontaneous English & Japanese dialogue$1,627,000
Funding body: National Institutes of Health
Funding body | National Institutes of Health |
---|---|
Project Team | Shari Speer; Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | R01 DC007090-01A2 |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2006 |
Funding Finish | 2011 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
20041 grants / $218,000
Intonation in unscripted Japanese & English dialogue$218,000
Funding body: National Science Foundation
Funding body | National Science Foundation |
---|---|
Project Team | Shari R. Speer; Kiwako Ito |
Scheme | PAC 0418464 |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2004 |
Funding Finish | 2006 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
Research Supervision
Number of supervisions
Current Supervision
Commenced | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | Honours | Auslan signers’ spatial cognition and their ability to shift perspectives for audience | Linguistics, UoN | Principal Supervisor |
2023 | PhD | Examining The Effectiveness of High Variability Phonetic Training in Addressing Phonetic Fossilization Facing Chinese EFL Learners: An Experimental Approach | PhD (Linguistics), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2022 | PhD | Variation in the Morphological and Phonetic Form of English Loanwords Produced by Speakers of Jordanian-Arabic in Jordan and in Australia | PhD (Linguistics), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
2022 | PhD | Adult Second Language (English) Acquisition and Processing | PhD (Linguistics), College of Human and Social Futures, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
Past Supervision
Year | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | Honours | Processing Subject-Verb Agreement in Japanese L2 learners of English | Linguistics, University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2023 | PhD | L2 Acquisition of French object pronouns | Language & Literature N.E.C., Ohio State University | Co-Supervisor |
2022 | Honours | Status of ESL and Subject-Verb Agreement processing skills in Chinese learners of English | Linguistics, School of Humanities and Social Science - Faculty of Education and Arts - The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
Research Collaborations
The map is a representation of a researchers co-authorship with collaborators across the globe. The map displays the number of publications against a country, where there is at least one co-author based in that country. Data is sourced from the University of Newcastle research publication management system (NURO) and may not fully represent the authors complete body of work.
Country | Count of Publications | |
---|---|---|
United States | 87 | |
Japan | 16 | |
Australia | 15 | |
France | 8 | |
India | 1 | |
More... |
News
News • 1 Oct 2020
Our researchers recognised in The Australian’s Research 2020 magazine
The Australian's Research 2020 magazine paid tribute to several University of Newcastle researchers for their track record of excellence and contribution to their fields.
News • 27 Apr 2017
Speech Pathology Collaboration first for China
In a ground-breaking first for both countries, The University of Newcastle (UON), Australia has partnered with Orient Speech Therapy Center Limited (OST) to develop a world-class speech pathology training program for its clinics in China.
News • 9 Dec 2013
Speech Pathology Students Improve the Lives of the Aged
A new initiative in Speech Pathology is creating Work Integrated Learning opportunities while enhancing the lives of residents of a local aged care facility.
Associate Professor Kiwako Ito
Position
Associate Professor
School of Humanities, Creative Ind and Social Sci
College of Human and Social Futures
Focus area
Linguistics
Contact Details
kiwako.ito@newcastle.edu.au | |
Phone | (02) 4921 6109 |
Office
Room | SR.138 |
---|---|
Building | Social Science (SR) 138 |
Location | Callaghan University Drive Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia |