
Associate Professor Andrew Gardner
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow
School of Medicine and Public Health
- Email:andrew.gardner@newcastle.edu.au
- Phone:(02) 4921 4770
Taking the field against concussion
An early career researcher, clinical neuropsychologist Dr Andrew Gardner is already emerging as a world leader in the field of sports related concussion.
Both Andrew’s clinical work and research deal with diagnosis and management of acute, sub-acute, and possible chronic problems associated with sports concussion in active and retired athletes of all levels of competition.
Andrew’s ultimate goal is to collect prospective longitudinal data that will provide definitive answers to questions around the mechanisms and consequences of concussions.
Already much lauded and awarded, Andrew is Co-Director of HNEH's Sport Concussion Clinic, an Executive Committee Member of the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, and serves as a member of the Australian Rugby Union's (ARUs) Concussion Advisory Group.
With the UON Alumni 2016 Beryl Nashar Young Researcher Award and the 2015 Research Australia Discovery Award under his belt, Andrew’s research hasn’t gone unnoticed. In October 2016 Andrew was been awarded a 2016 NHMRC Early Career Fellowship to systematically evaluate the association between a single, and repetitive mild TBI and neurodegenerative disease in retired collision sports athletes by using advanced research methods to rigorously study the issue.
As well as working on the coalface within Australia’s first public health clinic for concussed athletes, Andrew’s expertise continues to directly inform policy and instruction in several leading organisations, from the National Rugby League (NRL) and Australian Rugby Union (ARU) and Brain Injury Australia (BIA).
The dose affect
Andrew states that negative media coverage surrounding contact sports has affected numbers of young people engaging in contact sport related activity.
But he argues there is insufficient scientific evidence on sports related concussions to make definitive connections between playing contact sports and long-term traumatic brain injury.
“The ageing population is not rife with former collision sport athletes with dementia,” Andrew notes.
“Long term outcomes for contact sport athletes are not uniform and universal, so we must look at the level of exposure and whether there is a threshold, or a trend or an association towards threshold and later life consequences.”
The so-called ‘dose effect’ of repeated concussions has been linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy, but its definitive connection to chronic outcomes such as dementia and decreased cognitive function are not so clear.
A lack of uniformity in response to concussion and healing time for different athletes has also compelled Andrew to look closer at several other factors that may influence both long and short-term outcomes.
Influencing factors
To better understand this threshold and influencing factors, Andrew is conducting retrospective study on retired collision sport players, ranging in age from early 30s to 90s.
Taking into account age, genetics, vascular health, and mental health, as well as environmental factors such as drug and alcohol use, the study aims to pinpoint elements combining to affect long-term cognitive function relative to the number of self-reported concussions.
In early 2016, Andrew and international collaborators presented a systematic review of genetic risk factors for concussion and mild traumatic brain injury to fellow experts in their field at the Eleventh World Congress on Brain Injury.
“We believe different vulnerabilities and responses can be related to genetics, or related to existing pre-morbid disease or illness or personality characteristic,” Andrew says.
“We also know that people who have anxiety, depression, attention deficit disorder, or learning disorders, tend to be more susceptible to sustaining a concussion,” Andrew says.
“And once you have one concussion you are more likely to have another than someone who has never had one.”
“All these different aspects need to be explored and measured. If there is a difference, what is it? Is there a dose affect of self-reported concussion? What are the consequences of concussion in all the areas we are looking?”
Culture change
Having worked closely with the ARU and NRL, Andrew cites the banning of shoulder charges and introduction of the concussion interchange rule as examples of serious wide scale policy changes toward managing player safety.
With collaborators, Andrew has been working on a study assessing level of knowledge and attitude towards sport-related concussion among the public.
“The codes are doing a lot of good work, but as ninety plus percent of participants are at a grassroots level, education around concussion is still vital to ensure player safety is paramount,” Andrew says.
Data confirms anecdotal evidence that perception is slow to change within the rank and file of the rugby codes in Australia.
“It’s not a badge of honour to carry a concussion and continue to play, you’re not going to play as well as you can and should,” Andrew states.
“You are actually more vulnerable to getting another hit because you have slowed processing. And in rare circumstances, a second hit may be catastrophic.”
“Parents need to know this, coaches and trainers need to know this, sports administrators need to know this, and of course the players themselves.”
Video analysis
Andrew is currently working on validating the use of video analysis as evidence of concussive signs in National Rugby League (NRL) match play.
“Sometimes we need to protect players from themselves. They’re warriors and don’t want to come off field,” Andrew says.
He explains that players can exhibit transient concussive signs such as gait ataxia, vacant stares, loss of muscle tone, impact seizure or stiffening of limbs, as well as black outs.
These symptoms may resolve quickly and be missed in play but spotted by sideline staff on video playback.
To ensure a concussive injury is not mistaken for another injury or strategic action by a player, Andrew watched every game of the 2014 NRL season to record injuries and responses as a means to identifying base rates for concussive injuries.
This video analysis work is being done in league with the University of Ottawa, one of his many international collaborations.
Andrew credits Professor Grant Iverson from Harvard University as a vital mentor and values research partners at Cardiff University, Exeter and the University of British Columbia.
Closer to home, Andrew has collaborators at Southern Cross, the Universities of Melbourne and New England, as well as Macquarie and the Australian Catholic Uni.
Acute response
Working in a full-time capacity as a Neuropsychologist for the Hunter New England Local Health District in the Neuropsychiatry Service, Andrew’s research is an adjunct to his real priority - helping healthcare consumers manage mild brain related issues.
Before he even completed his PhD, Andrew was busy setting up Hunter New England Local Health District's Sport Concussion Clinic in consultation with local rugby league clubs, and in partnership with co-director Professor Chris Levi.
The clinic is accessible to all adult athletes who are managed on a case-by-case basis.
“Three people may have very similar concussions, one may need to sit out for one week, and one may not need to sit out at all. And one may have already received several concussions during the season so we will look extra closely at their injury and recovery time.”
Recovery plans involve a holistic approach to informed choice, with mental health an equal priority to physical health.
“We don’t focus on returning a player to the field, we focus on returning them to life,” Andrew says.
With the reputation of the clinic continuing to build, Andrew hopes it will eventually duplicate, spreading expert diagnosis and treatment for acute collision, combat or recreational sports related concussion across the country.
“The research program continues to grow and we are making advances and inroads,” Andrew reflects.
“But making a difference in the lives of the people that we are trying to study, that's the important thing.”
Taking the field against concussion
Dr Gardner is an early career research clinician, working as a Neuropsychologist for the Hunter New England Local Health District in the Neuropsychiatry Service
Career Summary
Biography
Dr Gardner is an NHMRC Early Career Fellow with the School of Medicine & Public Health and an honorary clinical research fellow with the Hunter New England Local Health District. He is also a Co-Director of the Hunter New England Local Health District (HNE LHD)'s Sport Concussion Clinic, an Executive Committee Member of the Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, serves as a member of the Rugby Australia's Concussion Advisory Group, and is the concussion consultant to Rugby Australia.
Dr Gardner was drawn to sports concussion by his love of sport and his fascination with the human brain. He has now conducted research in the field of sports concussion for over a decade, having first worked as a research assistant for the New England Paediatric Head Trauma Program in 2003. He received first class honours in Psychology (University of New England) in 2005 and subsequently completed a Doctor of Psychology (Clinical Neuropsychology) degree at Macquarie University, Sydney, where he conducted research examining the acute and cumulative neuropsychological consequences of sports concussion in semi-professional rugby union players. His thesis received the prestigious award for the Most Outstanding Dissertation for 2011 from the National Academy of Neuropsychology (USA); the first, and still the only, time this award has been bestowed upon a student who studied outside of North America. During his post-graduate studies he also pioneered and managed the Macquarie University Sports Concussion Clinic. Following this Dr Gardner completed his PhD in the School of Medicine and Public Health, at the University of Newcastle, studying the potential long-term consequences of participation in collision sports.
Dr Gardner's research and expert opinion have also been sought for the development of policy papers produced by Brain Injury Australia “Concussions in Sport” (October, 2012), and Alzheimer’s Australia (NSW) “Football, head injuries and the risk of dementia” (March 2013/March 2016), and Sports Medicine Australia (SMA)'s concussion policy (February 2018). He was also involved in the production and delivery of the SMA Community and Medical Concussion Workshops in NSW that came off the back of the release of this policy. In 2013 he was invited as a leading early career researcher to contribute to the Australian Academy of Science Theo Murphy High Flyer's Think Tank on 'inspiring smarter brain research in Australia'. He was also awarded an Australian Endeavour Research Fellowship to visit Harvard Medical School for four months in 2014. In 2015 Dr Gardner was awarded the Discovery Award from Research Australia as the national early career researcher of the year for 2015. In 2016 he was awarded the Beryl Nashar Young Researcher Award by the University of Newcastle alumni advisory committee, an award that recognises achievements of early- and mid-career researchers. In 2016 Dr Gardner also received an 'Emerging Health Researcher Commendation Award' from the Bupa Health Foundation, an award that recognises the valuable contribution of emerging health researchers to health outcomes for all Australians. In 2017 he was awarded a University of New England Alumni Early Career Achievement Award, recognising his outstanding contribution to the field of sport and neuropsychology, and was made a 2017 AMP Tomorrow Maker to support the clinical and research work within the HNE LHD Sports Concussion Clinic. He also received the 2017 Vice-Chancellor's Award for Early Career Research and Innovation Excellence for the Faculty of Health. In 2018 Dr Gardner received a Fulbright Postdoctoral Award and will travel to Harvard Medical School to work closely with the Football Players Health Study at Harvard. He was also a 2018 NSW Young Tall Poppy Science Award recipient, recognition as one of Australia’s outstanding young scientific researchers and communicators. He also received the inaugural Hunter New England Local Health District Psychology Researcher of the Year Award for 2018.
Dr Gardner has established strong research collaborations with international experts from Harvard Medical School, Cardiff University, Exeter University, and the University of British Columbia, as well as locally from The University of Melbourne, Macquarie University, Griffith University, and Monash University. He has created strong relationships through community engagement and sports concussion educational programs and works at the interface of research and clinical application through the HNE LHD Sports Concussion Clinic. Dr Gardner is continuing to develop his research program by focusing on the investigation of concussion across the full spectrum, from the acute, sub-acute, and chronic problems associated with sports concussion in active and retired athletes of all levels of competition.
Qualifications
- Doctor of Philosophy, University of Newcastle
- Bachelor of Psychology (Honours), University of New England
Keywords
- Ageing and Dementia
- Brain Injury
- Cognition
- Neuropsychology
- Sports Concussion
Professional Experience
UON Appointment
Title | Organisation / Department |
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Post-Doctoral Research Fellow | University of Newcastle School of Medicine and Public Health Australia |
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow | University of Newcastle School of Medicine and Public Health Australia |
Professional appointment
Dates | Title | Organisation / Department |
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1/7/2013 - | Co-Director, Hunter New England Sports Concussion Program | Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program |
1/4/2009 - | Clinical Neuropsychologist | Hunter New England Local Health District Neuropsychiatry Service |
Awards
Award
Year | Award |
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2017 |
AMP's Tomorrow Makers AMP Foundation |
2015 |
Hunter New England Local Health District ‘Clinical Team of the Year’ Award – Neuropsychiatry Service Hunter New England Local Health District NSW Health |
Recognition
Year | Award |
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2013 |
Australian Academy of Science, Theo Murphy High Flyers Think Tank Australian Academy of Science |
Research Award
Year | Award |
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2020 |
Hunter Medical Research Institute Early Career Researcher of the Year Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) |
2020 |
The University of Newcastle Staff Excellence Awards 2020 - Early Career Researcher Award The University of Newcastle |
2018 |
Fulbright Postdoctoral Scholar Australian American Fulbright Commission |
2018 |
Hunter New England Local Health District Psychology Researcher of the Year Hunter New England Local Health District |
2018 |
NSW Young Tall Poppy Science Award AIPS (Australian Institute of Policy and Science) |
2017 |
The University of New England Alumni Achievement Award The University of New England |
2017 |
The Vice Chancellor's Award for Early Career Research and Innovation Excellence - School of Medicine & Public Health The University of Newcastle |
2016 |
Emerging Health Researcher Commendation Award BUPA Health Foundation |
2016 |
Beryl Nashar Young Researcher Award The University of Newcastle Alumni |
2015 |
Research Australia's Discovery Early Career Award Research Australia |
2014 |
Endeavour Award Australian Government |
2011 |
National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) Outstanding Dissertation of the Year Award National Academy of Neuropsychology |
Scholarship
Year | Award |
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2007 |
APA Post-Graduate Student Scholarship Australian Government |
Invitations
Committee Member
Year | Title / Rationale |
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2019 | Scientific Committee, International Neuropsychological Society Annual Conference |
2015 | Australian Psychological Society College of Clinical Neuropsychology |
Contributor
Year | Title / Rationale |
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2019 | World Rugby Medical Commission Conference |
Distinguished Visitor
Year | Title / Rationale |
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2018 | Overview of the University of Newcastle Sports Concussion Research Program |
2018 | An overview of the University of Newcastle Sports Concussion Research Program |
Keynote Speaker
Year | Title / Rationale |
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2018 | Sports Medicine Australia Annual Conference |
2017 | World Rugby Medical Commission Conference |
Speaker
Year | Title / Rationale |
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2017 | Concussion in Football |
2013 | Concussion in Australian Football Codes |
Thesis Examinations
Year | Level | Discipline | Thesis |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | PHD | Health | Psychometric Analysis: Predicting Reading Level from a Premorbid Estimate |
2017 | PHD | Health | The investigation of neurodegenerative and dopaminergic pathways underlying sports concussion |
Publications
For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.
Chapter (6 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||
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2019 | Gardner A, Tonks J, Yates P, Potter S, Reuben A, Ryland HJ, Williams WH, 'Neuropsychological Assessment of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury', Traumatic Brain Injury A Clinician's Guide to Diagnosis, Management, and Rehabilitation - 2nd Edition, Springer, New York (2019) | ||||
2018 | Gardner AJ, Zafonte RD, 'Prognosis', Neurotrauma and Critical Care of the Brain, Thieme, New York (2018) | ||||
2018 | Gardner AJ, Adamova E, Zafonte R, 'Prognosis, Outcome Measures, and Prevention', Rehabilitation After Traumatic Brain Injury, Elsevier, St Louis, Missori (2018) | ||||
2016 |
Gardner AJ, Zafonte RD, 'Neuroepidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury', Handbook of Clinical Neurology 138: Neuroepidemiology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands 207-224 (2016) [B1]
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Show 3 more chapters |
Journal article (59 outputs)
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2020 |
Cook M, Gardner A, Wojtowicz M, Williams H, iverson G, Stanwell P, 'Task-related functional magnetic resonance imaging activations in patients with acute and subacute mild traumatic brain injury: A coordinate-based meta-analysis', NeuroImage-Clinical, 25 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Wright DK, Gardner AJ, Wojtowicz M, Iverson GL, O'Brien TJ, Shultz SR, Stanwell P, 'White Matter Abnormalities in Retired Professional Rugby League Players with a History of Concussion', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, (2020)
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2020 |
Gardner AJ, Howell DR, Iverson GL, 'The association between multiple prior concussions, cognitive test scores, and symptom reporting in youth rugby league players', Brain Injury, 34 224-228 (2020) [C1] © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Objective: To examine the effect of prior concussion history on cognitive test performance and concussion symptom reporting among... [more] © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Objective: To examine the effect of prior concussion history on cognitive test performance and concussion symptom reporting among adolescent youth rugby league athletes.Participants: Participants were male elite level youth rugby league players (N = 73; Mean Age = 15.8; SD = 0.9; range = 14¿18 years).Main Outcome Measure: CogSport performance based on participants group; those who reported no previous concussions (n = 30),1¿2 previous concussions (n = 19), and =3 previous concussions (n = 29).Results: 73 participants with valid CogSport scores were included in the cognitive analyses. All participants were included in the symptom analyses. There were no differences between the groups with 0,1¿2, or =3 previous concussions for processing speed, attention, learning, or working memory. There was atrend for those with multiple prior concussions to report more baseline preseason symptoms.Conclusions: There were no differences in scores on the CogSport test among those with ahistory of 0,1¿2, or =3 prior concussions. Consistent with prior studies, youth with ahistory of multiple past concussions are more likely to endorse baseline preseason symptoms.
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2020 |
Guell X, Anteraper SA, Gardner AJ, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Kay-Lambkin F, Iverson GL, et al., 'Functional Connectivity Changes in Retired Rugby League Players: A Data-Driven Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 37 1788-1796 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Gardner AJ, 'Reliability of Using the Proposed International Consensus Video Signs of Potential Concussion for National Rugby League Head Impact Events.', Neurosurgery, (2020)
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2020 |
Iverson GL, Williams MW, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, 'Systematic Review of Preinjury Mental Health Problems as a Vulnerability Factor for Worse Outcome After Sport-Related Concussion', Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 8 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Peek K, Elliott JM, Gardner A, 'Purposeful heading in youth soccer: Time to use our heads', Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 50 415-417 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, 'Risk for Misdiagnosing Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Men With Anger Control Problems', Frontiers in Neurology, 11 (2020) © Copyright © 2020 Iverson and Gardner. Background: There are no validated or agreed upon criteria for diagnosing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a living person. In rec... [more] © Copyright © 2020 Iverson and Gardner. Background: There are no validated or agreed upon criteria for diagnosing chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in a living person. In recent years, it has been proposed that anger dyscontrol represents a behavioral clinical phenotype of CTE. This is the first study to examine the specificity of the diagnostic research criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES, the clinical condition proposed to be CTE) in men from the US general population who have anger dyscontrol problems. It was hypothesized that a substantial percentage of these men would meet the research criteria for TES. Methods: Data from 4,139 men who participated in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, an in-person survey that examined the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the United States, were included in this study. Men who were diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder in the past year were the clinical sample of interest (n = 206; 5.0% of all men in the database), and the remaining men were used as a comparison sample. They were classified as meeting the research criteria for TES if they presented with the purported supportive clinical features of CTE (e.g., impulsivity/substance abuse, anxiety, apathy, suicidality, headache). Results: In this sample of men from the general population with intermittent explosive disorder, 27.3% met a conservative definition of the proposed research criteria for CTE (i.e., traumatic encephalopathy syndrome). If one assumes the delayed-onset criterion is present, meaning that the men in the sample are compared to former athletes or military veterans presenting with mental health problems years after retirement, then 65.0% of this sample would meet the research criteria for TES. Conclusions: These results have important implications. Using conservative criteria, at least one in four men from the general population, who have serious anger control problems, will meet the symptom criteria for TES. If one considers former athletes and military veterans with anger control problems who present many years after retirement and who experienced a documented decline in their mental health, nearly two-thirds will meet these research criteria. More research is needed to examine risks for misdiagnosing TES and to determine whether anger dyscontrol is a clinical phenotype of CTE.
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2020 |
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, 'Risk of misdiagnosing chronic traumatic encephalopathy in men with depression', Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 32 139-146 (2020) [C1] © 2020, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved. Objective: In recent years, it has been proposed that depression represents one clinical subtype of chronic traumati... [more] © 2020, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved. Objective: In recent years, it has been proposed that depression represents one clinical subtype of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). This is the first study to examine the specificity of the research criteria for the clinical diagnosis of CTE in men with depression from the general population. Methods: Data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, an in-person survey that examined the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the United States, were used for this study. Men diagnosed as having a major depressive episode in the past 30 days were included (N=101; mean age=39.4 years, SD=12.9, range=18¿71). They were deemed to meet research criteriafor CTE if they presented with the purported supportive clinical features of CTE (e.g., impulsivity and substance abuse, anxiety, apathy, suicidality, and headache). Results: Approximately half of the sample (52.5%) met the proposed research criteria for CTE (i.e., traumatic enceph-alopathy syndrome). If one accepts the delayed-onset criterion as being present, meaning that the men in the sample were presenting with depression years after re-tirement from sports or the military, then 83.2% of this sample would meet the research criteria for diagnosis. Conclusions: The clinical problems attributed to CTE, such as depression, suicidality, anxiety, anger control problems, and headaches, co-occurred in this sample of men with depression from the general population¿illustrating that these problems are not specific or unique to CTE. More research is needed to determine whether depression is, in fact, a clinical subtype of CTE.
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2019 |
Howell DR, Wilson JC, Brilliant AN, Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Meehan WP, 'Objective clinical tests of dual-task dynamic postural control in youth athletes with concussion', Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22 521-525 (2019) [C1] © 2018 Sports Medicine Australia Objectives: To prospectively evaluate single/dual-task timed-up-and-go (TUG) and tandem gait performance among children and adolescents with concu... [more] © 2018 Sports Medicine Australia Objectives: To prospectively evaluate single/dual-task timed-up-and-go (TUG) and tandem gait performance among children and adolescents with concussion and healthy controls. Design: Repeated measures. Methods: Participants with concussion (n = 23; age = 14.1 ± 2.5 years; 52% female) completed single/dual-task TUG, tandem gait, and symptom assessments 6.7 ± 2.6 and 23.3 ± 6.1 days post injury. The control group (n = 27; age = 14.1 ± 2.3 years; 48% female) completed the same protocol initially and 10.7 ± 16.1 days later. All participants completed single-task (undivided attention) and dual-task (divided attention) tests. The primary outcome variable was test completion time. Results: The concussion group completed single-task (concussion group mean = 11.1 ± 1.9 vs. control group mean 9.9 ± 1.4 s, p = 0.027) and dual-task (concussion group mean = 14.4 ± 3.3 vs. control group mean 12.7 ± 1.9 s, p = 0.047) TUG tests slower than the control group across both time points. The concussion group completed dual-task tandem gait tests slower than the control group at both time points (21.3 ± 6.3 vs. 16.8 ± 5.5 s, p = 0.006), and were slower in the single-task condition at the first test (19.8 ± 5.4 vs. 13.8 ± 4.4 s, p = 0.003). Symptoms were significantly worse for the concussion group compared to the control group at the first (34.1 ± 21.4 vs. 3.9 ± 9.1, p < 0.001), but not the second test (9.1 ± 12.0 vs. 2.2 ± 6.8; p = 0.08). Conclusions: Slower dual-task TUG and tandem gait times were detected across both time points for the concussion group relative to the control group. In contrast, single-task tandem gait deficits appeared to improve in a similar fashion as symptoms, suggesting increased complexity from the addition of a cognitive task allows for the detection of persistent post-concussion deficits that might take longer to resolve.
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2019 |
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Shultz SR, Solomon GS, McCrory P, Zafonte R, et al., 'Chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathology might not be inexorably progressive or unique to repetitive neurotrauma', Brain, 142 3672-3693 (2019) [C1] © The Author(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. In the 20th century, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)... [more] © The Author(s) (2019). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved. In the 20th century, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was conceptualized as a neurological disorder affecting some active and retired boxers who had tremendous exposure to neurotrauma. In recent years, the two research groups in the USA who have led the field have asserted definitively that CTE is a delayed-onset and progressive neurodegenerative disease, with symptoms appearing in midlife or decades after exposure. Between 2005 and 2012 autopsy cases of former boxers and American football players described neuropathology attributed to CTE that was broad and diverse. This pathology, resulting from multiple causes, was aggregated and referred to, in toto, as the pathology ¿characteristic¿ of CTE. Preliminary consensus criteria for defining the neuropathology of CTE were forged in 2015 and published in 2016. Most of the macroscopic and microscopic neuropathological findings described as characteristic of CTE, in studies published before 2016, were not included in the new criteria for defining the pathology. In the past few years, there has been steadily emerging evidence that the neuropathology described as unique to CTE may not be unique. CTE pathology has been described in individuals with no known participation in collision or contact sports and no known exposure to repetitive neurotrauma. This pathology has been reported in individuals with substance abuse, temporal lobe epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple system atrophy, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, throughout history, some clinical cases have been described as not being progressive, and there is now evidence that CTE neuropathology might not be progressive in some individuals. Considering the current state of knowledge, including the absence of a series of validated sensitive and specific biomarkers, CTE pathology might not be inexorably progressive or specific to those who have experienced repetitive neurotrauma.
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2019 |
Gardner A, Howell DR, Iverson GL, 'National rugby league match scheduling and rate of concussion', Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22 780-783 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Gardner AJ, Quarrie KL, Iverson GL, 'The epidemiology of sport-related concussion: What the rehabilitation clinician needs to know', Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 49 768-778 (2019) [C1] Copyright © 2019 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. U SYNOPSIS: Sport-related concussion is common in full-contact and collision sports. Epidemiology studies... [more] Copyright © 2019 Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy®. U SYNOPSIS: Sport-related concussion is common in full-contact and collision sports. Epidemiology studies use different types of surveillance systems and concussion definitions. Concussion incidence rates vary across age, sex, sport, and level of competition. Incidence rates are increasing, likely due to higher rates of reporting following improved knowledge and increased regulations. In this review, we summarize 7 key concepts related to concussion epidemiology: concussion definition, changes in concussion knowledge, reliability and accuracy of injury surveillance systems, conservative management and return to play, reliability of self-report, incidence of concussion across levels of play, and understanding the behaviors of players, coaches, and medical personnel from a multidisciplinary management perspective.
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2019 |
Iverson GL, Terry DP, Luz M, Zafonte R, McCrory P, Solomon GS, Gardner AJ, 'Anger and depression in middle-aged men: Implications for a clinical diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy', Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 31 328-336 (2019) [C1] © 2019, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved. Objective: In recent years, it has been proposed that problems with anger control and depression define clinical fea... [more] © 2019, American Psychiatric Association. All rights reserved. Objective: In recent years, it has been proposed that problems with anger control and depression define clinical features of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The authors examined anger problems and depression in middle-aged men from the general population and related those findings to the proposed clinical criteria for CTE. Methods: A sample of 166 community-dwelling men ages 40¿60 was extracted from the normative database of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox. All participants denied prior head injury or traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants completed scales assessing anger, hostility, aggression, anxiety, and depression. Results: In response to the item ¿I felt angry,¿ 21.1% of men reported ¿sometimes,¿ and 4.8% reported ¿often.¿ When asked ¿If I am provoked enough I may hit another person,¿ 11.4% endorsed the statement as true. There were moderate correlations between anger and anxiety (Spearman¿s r=0.61) and between depression and affective anger (r=0.51), hostility (r=0.56), and perceived hostility (r=0.35). Participants were dichotomized into a possible depression group (N=49) and a no-depression group (N=117) on the basis of the question ¿I feel depressed,¿ specific to the past 7 days. The possible depression group reported higher anxiety (p<0.001, Cohen¿s d=1.51), anger (p<0.001, Cohen¿s d=0.96), and hostility (p<0.001, Cohen¿s d=0.95). Conclusions: Some degree of anger and aggression are reported by a sizable minority of middle-aged men in the general population with no known history of TBI. Anger and hostility are correlated with depression and anxiety, indicating that all tend to co-occur. The base rates and comorbidity of affective dysregulation in men in the general population is important to consider when conceptualizing CTE phenotypes.
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2019 |
Conley A, Cooper P, Karayanidis F, Gardner AJ, Levi CR, Stanwell P, et al., 'Resting state electroencephalography and sport-related concussion: A systematic review', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 36 1-13 (2019) [C1]
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2018 |
Gardner AJ, Kohler R, McDonald W, Tucker R, Fuller GW, Makdissi M, 'The Use of Sideline Video Review to Facilitate Management Decisions Following Head Trauma in Super Rugby', Sports Medicine - Open, 4 1-8 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
Clough M, Mutimer S, Wright D, Tsang A, Costello D, Gardner A, et al., 'Oculomotor cognitive control abnormalities in Australian rules football players with a history of concussion', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 35 730-738 (2018) [C1]
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2018 |
Wojtowicz M, Gardner A, Stanwell P, Zafonte R, Dickerson B, Iverson G, 'Cortical thickness and subcortical brain volumes in professional rugby league players.', NeuroImage-Clinical, 18 377-381 (2018) [C1]
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2018 | Chung Pin Yong JP, Lee J, Howell DR, Meehan WPR, Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, 'Effects of Exercise on Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-Third Edition Performance in Women.', CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE, (2018) | ||||||||||
2018 |
Gardner AJ, Howell DR, Iverson GL, 'A Video Review of Multiple Concussion Signs in National Rugby League Match Play', Sports Medicine - Open, 4 (2018) [C1]
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2017 |
Lee JH, Howell DR, Meehan WP, Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, 'Effects of Exercise on Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-Third Edition Performance in Professional Athletes', ORTHOPAEDIC JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 5 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Gardner AJ, Kohler RMN, Levi CR, Iverson GL, 'Usefulness of Video Review of Possible Concussions in National Youth Rugby League', International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38 71-75 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Gardner A, Iverson G, Wojtowicz M, Levi C, Kay-Lambkin F, Schofield P, et al., 'MR spectroscopy findings in retired professional rugby league players', International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38 241-252 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Gardner AJ, Wojtowicz M, Terry DP, Levi CR, Zafonte R, Iverson GL, 'Video and clinical screening of national rugby league players suspected of sustaining concussion', Brain Injury, 31 1918-1924 (2017) [C1] © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Primary Objective: This study reviewed the available sideline Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-Third Edition (SCAT3) performance of playe... [more] © 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Primary Objective: This study reviewed the available sideline Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-Third Edition (SCAT3) performance of players who were removed from play using the ¿concussion interchange rule¿ (CIR), the available video footage of these incidences, and associated return to play and concussion diagnosis decisions. Research Design: Descriptive, observational case series. Methods and Procedures: Data were collected from all NRL players who used the CIR during the 2014 season. Main Outcomes and Results: Complete SCAT3 and video analysis data were available for 38 (23%) of 167 uses of the concussion interchange rule, of which 20 (52.6%) players were medically diagnosed with concussion. Those with video evidence of unresponsiveness performed more poorly on the modified Balance Error Scoring System (M-BESS; p¿=.04; Cohen¿s d¿=.69) and reported greater symptoms (p¿=.03; d¿=.51). Similarly, players with a vacant stare reported greater symptoms (p¿=.05; d¿=.78). Those who demonstrated three signs (unresponsiveness, vacant stare and gait ataxia) performed more poorly on the M-BESS (p¿=.03; d¿=¿1.4) and reported greater symptoms than those with no observable signs (p¿=.03; d¿=¿1.4). Conclusions: The SCAT3 is sensitive to the acute effects of concussion in professional athletes; however, a minority of injured athletes might go undetected by this test.
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2017 |
Luoto TM, Raj R, Posti JP, Gardner AJ, Panenka WJ, Iverson GL, 'A Systematic Review of the Usefulness of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein for Predicting Acute Intracranial Lesions following Head Trauma', FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY, 8 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Panenka WJ, Gardner AJ, Dretsch MN, Crynen GC, Crawford FC, Iverson GL, 'Systematic Review of Genetic Risk Factors for Sustaining a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 34 2093-2099 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Wright D, Liu S, van der Poel C, McDonald SJ, Brady RD, Taylor L, et al., 'Traumatic brain injury results in cellular, structural and functional changes resembling motor neuron disease.', Cerebral Cortex, 27 4503-4515 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Gardner AJ, Howell DR, Levi CR, Iverson GL, 'Evidence of Concussion Signs in National Rugby League Match Play: A Video Review and Validation Study.', Sports Medicine - Open, 3 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Dretsch MN, Silverberg N, Gardner AJ, Panenka WJ, Emmerich T, Crynen G, et al., 'Genetics and Other Risk Factors for Past Concussions in Active-Duty Soldiers', Journal of Neurotrauma, 34 869-875 (2017) [C1] © Copyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Risk factors for concussion in active-duty military service members are poorly understood. The present study examined the association betw... [more] © Copyright 2017, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Risk factors for concussion in active-duty military service members are poorly understood. The present study examined the association between self-reported concussion history and genetics (apolipoprotein E [APOE], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], and D2 dopamine receptor genes [DRD2]), trait personality measures (impulsive-sensation seeking and trait aggression-hostility), and current alcohol use. The sample included 458 soldiers who were preparing to deploy for Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. For those with the BDNF Met/Met genotype, 57.9% (11/19) had a history of one or more prior concussions, compared with 35.6% (154/432) of those with other BDNF genotypes (p = 0.049, odds ratio [OR] = 2.48). APOE and DRD2 genotypes were not associated with risk for past concussions. Those with the BDNF Met/Met genotype also reported greater aggression and hostility personality characteristics. When combined in a predictive model, prior military deployments, being male, and having the BDNF Met/Met genotype were independently associated with increased lifetime history of concussions in active-duty soldiers. Replication in larger independent samples is necessary to have more confidence in both the positive and negative genetic associations reported in this study.
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2017 |
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS, 'Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review', BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE, 51 941-948 (2017) [C1]
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2017 |
Manley G, Gardner AJ, Schneider KJ, Guskiewicz KM, Bailes J, Cantu RC, et al., 'A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion', British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51 969-977 (2017) [C1] © © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. Objective Systematic review of possible long-term effect... [more] © © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. Objective Systematic review of possible long-term effects of sports-related concussion in retired athletes. Data sources Ten electronic databases. Study selection Original research; incidence, risk factors or causation related to long-term mental health or neurological problems; individuals who have suffered a concussion; retired athletes as the subjects and possible long-term sequelae defined as >10 years after the injury. Data extraction Study population, exposure/outcome measures, clinical data, neurological examination findings, cognitive assessment, neuroimaging findings and neuropathology results. Risk of bias and level of evidence were evaluated by two authors. Results Following review of 3819 studies, 47 met inclusion criteria. Some former athletes have depression and cognitive deficits later in life, and there is an association between these deficits and multiple prior concussions. Former athletes are not at increased risk for death by suicide (two studies). Former high school American football players do not appear to be at increased risk for later life neurodegenerative diseases (two studies). Some retired professional American football players may be at increased risk for diminishment in cognitive functioning or mild cognitive impairment (several studies), and neurodegenerative diseases (one study). Neuroimaging studies show modest evidence of macrostructural, microstructural, functional and neurochemical changes in some athletes. Conclusion Multiple concussions appear to be a risk factor for cognitive impairment and mental health problems in some individuals. More research is needed to better understand the prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other neurological conditions and diseases, and the extent to which they are related to concussions and/or repetitive neurotrauma sustained in sports.
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2017 |
Hides JA, Franettovich Smith MM, Mendis MD, Smith NA, Cooper AJ, Treleaven J, et al., 'A prospective investigation of changes in the sensorimotor system following sports concussion. An exploratory study', Musculoskeletal Science and Practice, 29 7-19 (2017) [C1] © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Background Sports concussion is a risk for players involved in high impact, collision sports. Post-concussion, the majority of symptoms subside within 7¿10 day... [more] © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Background Sports concussion is a risk for players involved in high impact, collision sports. Post-concussion, the majority of symptoms subside within 7¿10 days, but can persist in 10¿20% of athletes. Understanding the effects of sports concussion on sensorimotor systems could inform physiotherapy treatment. Objective To explore changes in sensorimotor function in the acute phase following sports concussion. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods Fifty-four players from elite rugby union and league teams were assessed at the start of the playing season. Players who sustained a concussion were assessed three to five days later. Measures included assessments of balance (sway velocity), vestibular system function (vestibular ocular reflex gain; right-left asymmetry), cervical proprioception (joint position error) and trunk muscle size and function. Results During the playing season, 14 post-concussion assessments were performed within 3¿5 days of injury. Significantly decreased sway velocity and increased size/contraction of trunk muscles, were identified. Whilst not significant overall, large inter-individual variation of test results for cervical proprioception and the vestibular system was observed. Limitations The number of players who sustained a concussion was not large, but numbers were comparable with other studies in this field. There was missing baseline data for vestibular and cervical proprioception testing for some players. Conclusions Preliminary findings post-concussion suggest an altered balance strategy and trunk muscle control with splinting/over-holding requiring consideration as part of the development of appropriate physiotherapy management strategies.
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2017 |
Gardner AJ, Levi CR, Iverson GL, 'Observational Review and Analysis of Concussion: A Method for Conducting a Standardised Video Analysis of Concussion in Rugby League', Sports Medicine - Open, 3 (2017) [C1]
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2016 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Stanwell P, Moore T, Ellis J, Levi CR, 'A video analysis of use of the new Concussion Interchange Rule in the National Rugby League', International Journal of Sports Medicine, 37 267-273 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Wright D, Trezise J, Kamnaksh A, Bekdash R, Johnston L, Ordidge R, et al., 'Behavioral, blood, and magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of experimental mild traumatic brain injury', Scientific Reports, 6 28713-28713 (2016) [C1]
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2015 |
Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, McCrory P, Zafonte R, Castellani RJ, 'A critical review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy', Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 56 276-293 (2015) [C1] © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been described in the literature as a neurodegenerative disease with: (i) localized neuronal and glial accumulation... [more] © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been described in the literature as a neurodegenerative disease with: (i) localized neuronal and glial accumulations of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) involving perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex, sulcal depths, and with a preference for neurons within superficial cortical laminae; (ii) multifocal axonal varicosities and axonal loss involving deep cortex and subcortical white matter; (iii) relative absence of beta-amyloid deposits; (iv) TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions and neurites; and (v) broad and diverse clinical features. Some of the pathological findings reported in the literature may be encountered with age and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the focality of the p-tau cortical findings in particular, and the regional distribution, are believed to be unique to CTE. The described clinical features in recent cases are very similar to how depression manifests in middle-aged men and with frontotemporal dementia as the disease progresses. It has not been established that the described tau pathology, especially in small amounts, can cause complex changes in behavior such as depression, substance abuse, suicidality, personality changes, or cognitive impairment. Future studies will help determine the extent to which the neuropathology is causally related to the diverse clinical features.
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2015 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Quinn TN, Makdissi M, Levi CR, Shultz SR, et al., 'A preliminary video analysis of concussion in the National Rugby League', Brain Injury, 29 1182-1185 (2015) [C1]
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2015 |
Gardner A, Iverson GL, Levi CR, Schofield PW, Kay-Lambkin F, Kohler RMN, Stanwell P, 'A systematic review of concussion in rugby league', British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49 495-498 (2015) [C1] © 2015, BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Objectives: Concussion remains one of the inherent risks of participation in rugby league. While other injuries incurred by rugb... [more] © 2015, BMJ Publishing Group. All rights reserved. Objectives: Concussion remains one of the inherent risks of participation in rugby league. While other injuries incurred by rugby league players have been well studied, less focus and attention has been directed towards concussion. Review method: The current review examined all articles published in English from 1900 up to June 2013 pertaining to concussion in rugby league players. Data sources: Publications were retrieved via six databases using the key search terms: rugby league, league, football; in combination with injury terms: athletic injuries, concussion, sports concussion, sports-related concussion, brain concussion, brain injury, brain injuries, mild traumatic brain injury, mTBI, traumatic brain injury, TBI, craniocerebral trauma, head injury and brain damage. Observational, cohort, correlational, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were all included. Results: 199 rugby league injury publications were identified. 39 (20%) were related in some way to concussion. Of the 39 identified articles, 6 (15%) had the main aim of evaluating concussion, while the other 33 reported on concussion incidence as part of overall injury data analyses. Rugby league concussion incidence rates vary widely from 0.0 to 40.0/1000 playing hours, depending on the definition of injury (time loss vs no time loss). The incidence rates vary across match play versus training session, seasons (winter vs summer) and playing position (forwards vs backs). The ball carrier has been found to be at greater risk for injury than tacklers. Concussion accounts for 29% of all injuries associated with illegal play, but only 9% of injuries sustained in legal play. Conclusions: In comparison with other collision sports, research evaluating concussion in rugby league is limited. With such limited published rugby league data, there are many aspects of concussion that require attention, and future research may be directed towards these unanswered questions.
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2015 |
Silverberg ND, Gardner AJ, Brubacher JR, Panenka WJ, Li JJ, Iverson GL, 'Systematic review of multivariable prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury', Journal of Neurotrauma, 32 517-526 (2015) [C1] © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Prognostic models can guide clinical management and increase statistical power in clinical trials. The availability and adequacy of prognostic model... [more] © 2015, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Prognostic models can guide clinical management and increase statistical power in clinical trials. The availability and adequacy of prognostic models for mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is uncertain. The present study aimed to (1) identify and evaluate multivariable prognostic models for MTBI, and (2) determine which pre-, peri-, and early post-injury variables have independent prognostic value in the context of multivariable models. An electronic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases for English-language MTBI cohort studies from 1970-2013 was supplemented by Web of Science citation and hand searching. This search strategy identified 7789 articles after removing duplicates. Of 182 full-text articles reviewed, 26 met eligibility criteria including (1) prospective inception cohort design, (2) prognostic information collected within 1 month post-injury, and (3) 2+variables combined to predict clinical outcome (e.g., post-concussion syndrome) at least 1 month later. Independent reviewers extracted sample characteristics, study design features, clinical outcome variables, predictor selection methods, and prognostic model discrimination, calibration, and cross-validation. These data elements were synthesized qualitatively. The present review found no multivariable prognostic model that adequately predicts individual patient outcomes from MTBI. Suboptimal methodology limits their reproducibility and clinical usefulness. The most robust prognostic factors in the context of multivariable models were pre-injury mental health and early post-injury neuropsychological functioning. Women and adults with early post-injury anxiety also have worse prognoses. Relative to these factors, the severity of MTBI had little long-term prognostic value. Future prognostic studies should consider a broad range of biopsychosocial predictors in large inception cohorts.
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2015 |
Gardner AJ, Tan CO, Ainslie PN, van Donkelaar P, Stanwell P, Levi CR, Iverson GL, 'Cerebrovascular reactivity assessed by transcranial Doppler ultrasound in sport-related concussion: a systematic review', British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49 1050-1055 (2015) [C1]
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2014 |
Gardner A, Iverson GL, Stanwell P, 'A Systematic Review of Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Findings in Sport-Related Concussion', JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA, 31 1-18 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Williams WH, Baker S, Stanwell P, 'A systematic review and meta-analysis of concussion in Rugby Union', Sports Medicine, 44 1717-1731 (2014) [C1] © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. Objective: The aim of the current review was to systematically evaluate the available evidence on concussion in Rugby Union ... [more] © 2014, Springer International Publishing Switzerland. Objective: The aim of the current review was to systematically evaluate the available evidence on concussion in Rugby Union and to conduct a meta-analysis of findings regarding the incidence of concussion.Background: Rugby Union, a popular full-contact sport played throughout the world, has one of the highest rates of concussion of all full-contact sports.Methods: Articles were retrieved via a number of online databases. The current review examined all articles published in English up to May 2014 pertaining to concussion in Rugby Union players. The key search terms included ¿Rugby Union¿, ¿rugby¿, ¿union¿, and ¿football¿, in combination with the injury terms ¿athletic injuries¿, ¿concussion¿, ¿sports concussion¿, ¿sports-related concussion¿, ¿brain concussion¿, ¿brain injury¿, ¿brain injuries¿, ¿mild traumatic brain injury¿, ¿mTBI¿, ¿traumatic brain injury¿, ¿TBI¿, ¿craniocerebral trauma¿, ¿head injury¿, and ¿brain damage¿.Results: The final search outcome following the eligibility screening process resulted in the inclusion of 96 articles for this review. The meta-analysis included a total of 37 studies. The results of the meta-analysis revealed an overall incidence of match-play concussion in men¿s rugby-15s of 4.73 per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion during training was 0.07 per 1,000 practice hours. The incidence of concussion in women¿s rugby-15s was 0.55 per 1,000 player match hours. In men¿s rugby-7s match-play, concussion incidence was 3.01 per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion varied considerably between levels of play, with elite level play recording a rate of 0.40 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, schoolboy level 0.62 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, and the community or sub-elite level recording a rate of 2.08 concussions per 1,000 player match hours. The incidence of concussion in men¿s rugby-15s as a function of playing position (forwards vs. backs) was 4.02 and 4.85 concussions per 1,000 player match hours, respectively.Conclusions: Concussion is a common injury sustained and reported in match play and to a lesser extent during practice by Rugby Union players. Based on the available published data, there appears to be a variation in risk of concussion across level of play, with the sub-elite level having the greatest incidence of injury. Future research focused on studying the acute consequences and best management strategies in current players, and the potential longer term outcomes of concussion in retired players, is needed. A focus on the areas of prevention, injury identification, and medical management, and risk for long-term outcomes will be of benefit to current athletes.
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2014 |
Schofield PW, Moore TM, Gardner A, 'Traumatic brain injury and olfaction: A systematic review', Frontiers in Neurology, 5 JAN (2014) [C1] Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common condition that is often complicated by neuropsychiatric sequelae that can have major impacts on function and quality of life. An alteratio... [more] Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common condition that is often complicated by neuropsychiatric sequelae that can have major impacts on function and quality of life. An alteration in the sense of smell is recognized as a relatively common complication of TBI; however in clinical practice, this complication may not be sought or adequately characterized. We conducted a systematic review of studies concerned with olfactory functioning following TBI. Our predetermined criteria led to the identification of 25 studies published in English, which we examined in detail. We have tabulated the data from these studies in eight separate tables, beginning with Table 1, which highlights each study's key findings, and we provide a summary/synthesis of the findings in the accompanying results and discussion sections. Despite widely differing methodologies, the studies attest to a high frequency of post-TBI olfactory dysfunction and indicate that its presence can serve as a potential marker of additional structural or functional morbidities. © 2014 Schofield, Moore and Gardner.
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2012 |
Gardner AJ, Kay-Lambkin FJ, Stanwell PT, Donnelly J, Williams WH, Hiles A, et al., 'A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging findings in sports-related concussion', Journal of Neurotrauma, 29 2521-2538 (2012) [C1]
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2012 |
Stanwell PT, Gardner AJ, 'Riskante gehirnersch tterungen. Chronisch traumatische enzephalopathie (CTE) als folge von kopfverletzungen', Medical Sports Network, - 22-25 (2012) [C3]
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Show 56 more journal articles |
Conference (63 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link | ||
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2020 | Gardner A, 'Plenary Session: An overview of the retired rugby players' research program and a summary of the Australian experience.', Melbourne, Australia (2020) | ||||
2020 |
Gardner A, Edwards S, 'Striking while the iron s hot reducing the tackler s risk of head contact in rugby', Workshop Session [957]: Striking while the iron s hot reducing the tackler s risk of head contact in rugby, Monaco (2020)
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2019 |
Gardner A, Terry DP, Kay-Lambkin F, Schofield P, Levi C, Stanwell P, Iverson GL, 'A descriptive summary of the mental health profiles of former professional rugby league players', Toronto, Canada (2019)
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2017 | Gardner A, Yong J-PCP, Howell D, Lee J, Iverson G, 'Effects of Exercise on SCAT-3 Performance in Amateur Female Athletes', NEUROLOGY (2017) | ||||
2017 | Gardner A, Lee J, Howell D, Iverson G, 'Effects of Exercise on SCAT-3 Performance in Professional Male Athletes', NEUROLOGY (2017) | ||||
2016 |
Wojtowicz M, Gardner A, Stanwell P, Levi C, Shultz S, Zafonte R, et al., 'Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Brain Volumes in Retired Professional Rugby League Players', NEUROLOGY, Vancouver, CANADA (2016)
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2015 | Gardner AJ, Musgrove K, Iverson GL, McNeil D, Schatz P, 'Sensitivity and Specificity of CogSport for Detecting Poor Effort', Atlanta, GA (2015) [E3] | ||||
2015 | Gardner AJ, 'Workshop: Sport-related Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy', Shoal Bay, Australia (2015) [O1] | ||||
2015 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Wojtowicz M, Levi CR, Makdissi M, Quinn TN, et al., 'Sideline Use of the SCAT-3 for Screening Professional Rugby League Players Suspected of Sustaining Concussion', Atlanta, GA (2015) [E3]
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2015 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Wojtowicz MA, Levi CR, Makdissi M, Quinn TN, et al., 'A Systematic Video Analysis of Concussion in the National Rugby League', Neurology, Washington, DC (2015) [E3]
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2015 |
Gardner AJ, Iverson GL, Wojtowicz M, Levi C, Kay-Lambkin F, Schofield PW, et al., 'Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy findings in retired professional rugby league players.', Sports Psychology Society, Atlanta, USA (2015) [E3]
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2015 |
Gardner A, Levi C, Stanwell P, Iverson GL, 'A video analysis of the use of the 'concussion interchange rule' during the first year of implementation in the National Rugby League.', International Neuropsychological Society, Sydney, Australia (2015) [E3]
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2014 |
Woodcock K, Stanwell P, Gardner A, Teesson M, Baker A, Mills K, Kay-Lambkin F, 'A systematic review of blast related mild traumatic brain injuries, posttraumatic trauma symptoms and substance misuse.', Australasian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Melbourne, Australia (2014) [O1]
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Show 60 more conferences |
Thesis / Dissertation (1 outputs)
Year | Citation | Altmetrics | Link |
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2015 | Gardner AJ, Concussion in Professional Rugby League, University of Newcastle (2015) |
Grants and Funding
Summary
Number of grants | 33 |
---|---|
Total funding | $5,417,337 |
Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.
20205 grants / $741,848
MRSP Brain and Mental Health 2020$515,846
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Project Team | Professor Neil Spratt, Conjoint Professor Chris Levi, Professor Michael Nilsson, Professor Rohan Walker, Professor Sarah Johnson, Associate Professor Andrew Gardner, Professor Coralie English, Professor Frini Karayanidis, Aprof JANE Maguire, Professor Mark Parsons, Professor Billie Bonevski |
Scheme | NSW MRSP Infrastructure Grant |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2021 |
GNo | G1901477 |
Type Of Funding | C2220 - Aust StateTerritoryLocal - Other |
Category | 2220 |
UON | Y |
The Spectrum of Concussion: Predictors of Clinical Recovery, Treatment and Rehabilitation, and Possible Long-Term Effects$110,052
Funding body: National Football Association
Funding body | National Football Association |
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Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner, Prof Grant Iverson |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2021 |
GNo | G2000872 |
Type Of Funding | C3212 - International Not for profit |
Category | 3212 |
UON | Y |
The effect of a neck strengthening exercise program on concussion incidence and head acceleration during purposeful heading $52,400
Funding body: The Fédération Internationale de Football Association
Funding body | The Fédération Internationale de Football Association |
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Project Team | Peek K, Gardner AJ, & Elliott J. |
Scheme | FIFA Research Scholarship 2020 |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury 2020 Strategic Investment$43,550
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Scheme | Research Support Funding |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Retired Professional Rugby Players Brain Health Research Program$20,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2020 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | G2001465 |
Type Of Funding | C3120 - Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3120 |
UON | Y |
20193 grants / $1,090,242
HMRI MRSP Infrastructure Funding Brain and Mental Health Program 2019$815,242
Funding body: NSW Ministry of Health
Funding body | NSW Ministry of Health |
---|---|
Project Team | Professor Neil Spratt, Professor Alan Brichta, Professor Alan Brichta, Conjoint Professor Chris Levi, Professor Michael Nilsson, Professor Rohan Walker, Professor Sarah Johnson, Doctor Andrew Bivard, Associate Professor Andrew Gardner, Professor Coralie English, Professor Frini Karayanidis, Professor Mark Parsons, Professor Billie Bonevski, Professor Scott Brown, Professor Sally Chan, Associate Professor Brett Graham, Professor Frances Kay-Lambkin, Professor Brian Kelly, Associate Professor Doug Smith, Professor Neil Spratt, Professor Juanita Todd |
Scheme | Medical Research Support Program (MRSP) |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2019 |
Funding Finish | 2019 |
GNo | G1801392 |
Type Of Funding | C2220 - Aust StateTerritoryLocal - Other |
Category | 2220 |
UON | Y |
Retired Professional Rugby League Players Brain Health Study$250,000
Funding body: National Rugby League Ltd
Funding body | National Rugby League Ltd |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner, Prof Grant Iverson, Professor Chris Levi |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2019 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | G1901610 |
Type Of Funding | C3120 - Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3120 |
UON | Y |
Sports Concussion Clinic Assistance for Education$25,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2019 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | G1901525 |
Type Of Funding | C3120 - Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3120 |
UON | Y |
20185 grants / $2,766,314
Innovative Translational Research on Concussion and Comorbid Conditions $2,200,000
Funding body: National Football League (NFL)
Funding body | National Football League (NFL) |
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Project Team | Principal Investigator: Grant Iverson. Co-Investigators: Paul Berkner, Isabelle Gagnon, Ana-Maria Vranceanu, Andrew Gardner. Collaborators: Peter Stanwell, Doug Terry, Nathan Cook, Noah Silverberg, Bruce Maxwell. |
Scheme | Innovative Translational Research on Concussion and Comorbid Conditions |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2018 |
Funding Finish | 2022 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | C1RD |
Category | 1RD |
UON | N |
HMRI MRSP Infrastructure Funding Brain and Mental Health Program 2018$481,819
Funding body: NSW Ministry of Health
Funding body | NSW Ministry of Health |
---|---|
Project Team | Professor Neil Spratt, Conjoint Professor Chris Levi, Professor Michael Nilsson, Professor Rohan Walker, Professor Sarah Johnson, Doctor Andrew Bivard, Associate Professor Andrew Gardner, Professor Coralie English, Professor Frini Karayanidis, Aprof JANE Maguire, Professor Mark Parsons, Professor Billie Bonevski |
Scheme | Medical Research Support Program (MRSP) |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2018 |
Funding Finish | 2018 |
GNo | G1800544 |
Type Of Funding | C2220 - Aust StateTerritoryLocal - Other |
Category | 2220 |
UON | Y |
Sports Concussion Clinic$62,495
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Project Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2018 |
Funding Finish | 2019 |
GNo | G1800618 |
Type Of Funding | C3120 - Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3120 |
UON | Y |
Fulbright Scholar$20,000
Funding body: Australian-American Fulbright Commission
Funding body | Australian-American Fulbright Commission |
---|---|
Scheme | Post-Doctoral Scholarship |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2018 |
Funding Finish | 2019 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
Vice-Chancellor's Award for Early Career Research and Innovation Excellence$2,000
Funding body: University of Newcastle
Funding body | University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Vice-Chancellor's Award for Early Career Research and Innovation Excellence |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2018 |
Funding Finish | 2018 |
GNo | G1701603 |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | Y |
20178 grants / $547,189
An investigation of the potential association between sports concussion and neurodegenerative disease in collision sports athletes$329,527
Funding body: NHMRC (National Health & Medical Research Council)
Funding body | NHMRC (National Health & Medical Research Council) |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Early Career Fellowships |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | G1600288 |
Type Of Funding | Aust Competitive - Commonwealth |
Category | 1CS |
UON | Y |
Research Working Group on Brain Injury (RWGBI)$122,000
Funding body: GW4 Accelerator Fund
Funding body | GW4 Accelerator Fund |
---|---|
Project Team | Derek Jones, Huw Williams, Martin Bunnage, Keith Stokes, Michael Jones, Andrew Gardner, & Grant Iverson. |
Scheme | GW4 Accelerator Fund |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
UON 2017 Researcher Equipment Grant $32,712
Funding body: University of Newcastle
Funding body | University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Researcher Equipment Grants |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | G1701152 |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | Y |
Sports Concussion Research Clinic Equipment Funding$29,000
Funding body: AMP Limited
Funding body | AMP Limited |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | AMP Tomorrow Fund |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | G1701612 |
Type Of Funding | C3111 - Aust For profit |
Category | 3111 |
UON | Y |
DVCRI Research Support for ECF$14,991
Funding body: University of Newcastle
Funding body | University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | NHMRC ECF Support |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2020 |
GNo | G1700659 |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | Y |
Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury Project Grant$8,959
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Scheme | PRC Project Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Other Public Sector - Local |
Category | 2OPL |
UON | N |
Sports Concussion Research$8,000
Funding body: National Rugby League Ltd
Funding body | National Rugby League Ltd |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Research Consultancy |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | G1701462 |
Type Of Funding | C3111 - Aust For profit |
Category | 3111 |
UON | Y |
Faculty of Health$2,000
Funding body: Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Scheme | Early Career Research Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2017 |
Funding Finish | 2017 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20164 grants / $79,500
Identifying, validating, and implementing biomarkers of brain concussion$50,000
Funding body: The University of Melbourne
Funding body | The University of Melbourne |
---|---|
Project Team | Dr Sandy Shultz, Professor Terry O'Brien, Professor Andrew Kaye, Professor Denes Agoston, Professor Paul McCrory, Associate Professor Peter Stanwell, Dr Andrew Gardner, Professor Grant Iverson, Professor Patricia Desmond |
Scheme | NHMRC Near Miss Grant |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2016 |
Funding Finish | 2016 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury Project Grant$17,000
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury |
---|---|
Scheme | PRC Project Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2016 |
Funding Finish | 2016 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury Project Grant$10,000
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury |
---|---|
Scheme | PRC Project Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2016 |
Funding Finish | 2016 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury Project Grant$2,500
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle |
---|---|
Scheme | PRC Project Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2016 |
Funding Finish | 2016 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20152 grants / $40,252
Greaves Family Early Career Support Grants$30,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Project Team | Associate Professor Andrew Gardner |
Scheme | Greaves Family Early Career Support Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2015 |
Funding Finish | 2015 |
GNo | G1501385 |
Type Of Funding | C3120 - Aust Philanthropy |
Category | 3120 |
UON | Y |
Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health Infrastructure Grant $10,252
Funding body: Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health
Funding body | Priority Research Centre for Translational Neuroscience & Mental Health |
---|---|
Project Team | Gardner, A.J., Stanwell, P., & Levi, C.R. |
Scheme | Infrastructure Grant |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2015 |
Funding Finish | 2015 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20143 grants / $77,012
John Hunter Hospital Charitable Trust$27,512
Funding body: John Hunter Hospital Charitable Trust
Funding body | John Hunter Hospital Charitable Trust |
---|---|
Project Team | Gardner, A.J., Schofield, P.W. |
Scheme | Unknown |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2014 |
Funding Finish | 2014 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Jennie Thomas Travel Fellowship$25,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Scheme | Post-doctoral Fellowship |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2014 |
Funding Finish | 2015 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
Endeavour Research Fellowship$24,500
Funding body: Australian Government
Funding body | Australian Government |
---|---|
Scheme | Endeavour Mobility Grants |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2014 |
Funding Finish | 2014 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Aust Competitive - Commonwealth |
Category | 1CS |
UON | N |
20131 grants / $43,200
Brain Foundation Research Grant for Neurotrauma $43,200
Funding body: Australian Brain Foundation
Funding body | Australian Brain Foundation |
---|---|
Project Team | Levi, C.R., Gardner, A.J., & Stanwell, P. |
Scheme | Neurotrauma Award |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2013 |
Funding Finish | 2014 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
20121 grants / $10,000
Jennie Thomas PhD Travel Funding$10,000
Funding body: Hunter Medical Research Institute
Funding body | Hunter Medical Research Institute |
---|---|
Scheme | Jennie Thomas PhD Travel Award |
Role | Lead |
Funding Start | 2012 |
Funding Finish | 2012 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | Internal |
Category | INTE |
UON | N |
20111 grants / $21,780
NSW Sporting Injuries Committee - Sports Research & Injury Prevention Scheme Grant$21,780
Funding body: NSW Sporting Injuries Committee
Funding body | NSW Sporting Injuries Committee |
---|---|
Project Team | Kay-Lambkin, F., Gardner, A.J., Stanwell, P. & Levi, C.R., |
Scheme | Research & Injury Prevention Scheme |
Role | Investigator |
Funding Start | 2011 |
Funding Finish | 2012 |
GNo | |
Type Of Funding | External |
Category | EXTE |
UON | N |
Research Supervision
Number of supervisions
Current Supervision
Commenced | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | PhD | Video Analysis of Concussion and SCAT Assessment of Sub-Elite Rugby League Players | PhD (Medicine), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2019 | PhD | Evaluating the Identification of Concussion in Women's Rugby | PhD (Medicine), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2019 | PhD | Standardisation of a Computerised Cognitive Test for the Post Concussion Assessment of Athletes | Psychology, The University of Southern Queensland | Co-Supervisor |
2018 | PhD | Alcohol Use and Sport-related Concussion: Implications for Clinical Findings in a Cohort of Former Professional Rugby Athletes | PhD (Medicine), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2018 | PhD | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Human Cerebellum with Application to Schizophrenia and Brain Trauma | PhD (Medicine), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Principal Supervisor |
2017 | PhD | Post-concussion changes in the pain processing system and cervical spine in athletes with and without headache | Physiotherapy, Griffith University | Co-Supervisor |
2016 | Masters | Analysing Accelerometer Data in Relation to the Magnitude and Direction of Forces that Contribute to Concussion in Rugby League Players | M Philosophy (Med RadiationSc), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
Past Supervision
Year | Level of Study | Research Title | Program | Supervisor Type |
---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | Honours | Normative Reference Values for an Interactive Cognitive Test Battery | Psychology, Concordia University | Principal Supervisor |
2018 | Honours | Measuring Brain Movement in Collision Sport Tackling | Sport & Rec Not Elswr Classifi, The University of Newcastle | Co-Supervisor |
2017 | Masters | The effect of fatigue on male professional athletes' performance on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-Third Edition (SCAT-3) | Medical Science, The University of Queensland | Principal Supervisor |
2017 | Honours | Exploring the possible long-term consequences of a career in professional rugby league among retired former players | Medical Science, Karolinska Institute | Principal Supervisor |
2017 | Masters | Test re-test reliability of a new computerised neuropsychological test for sports concussion management | Psychology, Macquarie University | Co-Supervisor |
2017 | Masters | Construct validity of a new computerised neuropsychological test for sports concussion management | Psychology, Macquarie University | Co-Supervisor |
2014 | Honours | Validity of Computerised Concussion Testing: Detection of Motivated Poor Performance Using CogSport | Psychology, University of New England | Co-Supervisor |
2014 | Honours | Effects of the Testing Environment on Baseline Performance on Computerised Cognitive Tests Used for Concussion Management | Psychology, Charles Sturt University | Co-Supervisor |
Research Collaborations
The map is a representation of a researchers co-authorship with collaborators across the globe. The map displays the number of publications against a country, where there is at least one co-author based in that country. Data is sourced from the University of Newcastle research publication management system (NURO) and may not fully represent the authors complete body of work.
Country | Count of Publications | |
---|---|---|
Australia | 71 | |
United States | 58 | |
Canada | 19 | |
United Kingdom | 15 | |
Finland | 2 | |
More... |
News
HMRI 2020 Awards celebrate medical research excellence
November 12, 2020
NRL pledges support to head injury research
November 27, 2019
University launches healthy eating website for its students
August 20, 2019
Weight-loss trial to recharge men’s mental and physical health
August 5, 2019
Researchers recognised for their scientific contributions
August 17, 2018
University of Newcastle welcomes its first American Fulbright Scholars
March 23, 2018
Fulbright scholarships to enhance health research
February 27, 2018
New rules to tackle concussion in NSW sports
February 16, 2018
UON awarded over $5.6 million in NHMRC funding
October 27, 2016
UON researchers shine in a glittering field of finalists
September 7, 2016
Concussion researcher recognised for big impact
November 20, 2015
Associate Professor Andrew Gardner
Position
Post-Doctoral Research Fellow
School of Medicine and Public Health
College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing
Contact Details
andrew.gardner@newcastle.edu.au | |
Phone | (02) 4921 4770 |
Mobile | N/A |
Fax | (02) 4933 5606 |
Office
Room | Level 5 |
---|---|
Building | McAuley Building |
Location | Calvary Mater Hospital, Waratah , |