2020 |
Mohamed Altarazi YS, Abu Talib AR, Saadon S, Yu J, Gires E, Abdul Ghafir MF, Lucas J, 'On-design operation and performance characteristic of custom engine', Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences, 70 144-154 (2020) [C1]
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2020 |
Weber NH, Stockenhuber SP, Benhelal E, Grimison CC, Lucas JA, Mackie JC, et al., 'Products and mechanism of thermal decomposition of chlorpyrifos under inert and oxidative conditions', Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, 22 2084-2094 (2020) [C1]
© The Royal Society of Chemistry. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide; however, limited experimental work has been completed on its thermal decomposition. CPF is known t... [more]
© The Royal Society of Chemistry. Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used pesticide; however, limited experimental work has been completed on its thermal decomposition. CPF is known to decompose into 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCpyol) together with ethylene and HOPOS. Under oxidative conditions TCpyol can decompose into the dioxin-like 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-[1,4]-dioxinodipyridine (TCDDPy). With CPF on the cusp of being banned in several jurisdictions worldwide, the question might arise as to how to safely eliminate large stockpiles of this pesticide. Thermal methods such as incineration or thermal desorption of pesticide-contaminated soils are often employed. To assess the safety of thermal methods, information about the toxicants arising from thermal treatment is essential. The present flow reactor study reports the products detected under inert and oxidative conditions from the decomposition of CPF representative of thermal treatments and of wildfires in CPF-contaminated vegetation. Ethylene and TCpyol are the initial products formed at temperatures between 550 and 650 °C, although the detection of HOPOS as a reaction product has proven to be elusive. During pyrolysis of CPF in an inert gas, the dominant sulfur-containing product detected from CPF is carbon disulfide. Quantum chemical analysis reveals that ethylene and HOPOS undergo a facile reaction to form thiirane (c-C2H4S) which subsequently undergoes ring opening reactions to form precursors of CS2. At elevated temperatures (>650 °C), TCpyol undergoes both decarbonylation and dehydroxylation reactions together with decomposition of its primary product, TCpyol. A substantial number of toxicants is observed, including HCN and several nitriles, including cyanogen. No CS2 is observed under oxidative conditions-sulfur dioxide is the fate of S in oxidation of CPF, and quantum chemical studies show that SO2 formation is initiated by the reaction between HOPOS and O2. The range of toxicants produced in thermal decomposition of CPF is summarised.
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2019 |
Dharmarathne NK, Mackie JC, Lucas J, Kennedy EM, Stockenhuber M, 'Mechanisms of thermal decomposition of cyclodiene pesticides, identification and possible mitigation of their toxic products', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 37 1143-1150 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Xie W, Stanger R, Tran QA, Mahoney M, Lucas J, Yu J, Wall T, 'Impact of large sized inertinite particles on thermo-swelling and volatile release of coking coals', Fuel Processing Technology, 193 63-72 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Zabihi O, Shafei S, Fakhrhoseini SM, Ahmadi M, Ajdari Nazarloo H, Stanger R, et al., 'Low-Cost Carbon Fibre Derived from Sustainable Coal Tar Pitch and Polyacrylonitrile: Fabrication and Characterisation.', Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 12 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Lee S, Yu J, Mahoney M, Tremain P, Moghtaderi B, Tahmasebi A, et al., 'Study of chemical structure transition in the plastic layers sampled from a pilot-scale coke oven using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer', Fuel, 242 277-286 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Tran QA, Stanger R, Xie W, Smith N, Lucas J, Wall T, 'An investigation of the molecular change in coal maceral concentrates prepared under dimensional heating condition', Fuel Processing Technology, 189 80-88 (2019) [C1]
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2019 |
Lee S, Yu J, Mahoney M, Tahmasebi A, Stanger R, Wall T, Lucas J, 'In-situ study of plastic layers during coking of six Australian coking coals using a lab-scale coke oven', Fuel Processing Technology, 188 51-59 (2019) [C1]
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2018 |
Xie W, Stanger R, Tran QA, Smith N, Wall T, Lucas J, 'Impact of Coal Pyrolysis Products as a Rheological Additive on Thermoplasticity of a Coking Coal', Energy and Fuels, 32 4382-4390 (2018) [C1]
© 2018 American Chemical Society. Thermoplasticity is a determining factor for the development of the coke structure and coke strength. Mobile phase, whether vaporizable or not, m... [more]
© 2018 American Chemical Society. Thermoplasticity is a determining factor for the development of the coke structure and coke strength. Mobile phase, whether vaporizable or not, may significantly affect thermoplasticity during coal coking. This work studies the effect of the mobile phase, including the volatile tar and extractable metaplast generated from one bituminous coking coal, on the thermo-swelling of the raw coal. The volatile tar was collected when the raw coal was heated from room temperature to 450 °C at a heating rate of 5 °C/min, while the metaplast was extracted from the heated char. Molecular properties of the tar and metaplast were characterized using a laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry technique (LDI-TOF-MS). Thermo-swelling of the raw coal and its blends with the volatile tar and extractable metaplast was investigated using a computer-aided thermal analysis (CATA). The volatile (C and H) evolution rate of the heating coal samples was tracked using a dynamic elemental thermal analysis (DETA), and the weight loss rate was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the extracted metaplast has a higher molecular weight distribution than that of the volatile tar. The swelling and thermal changes of the heating coal increased with the addition of tar or metaplast. The weight loss rate prior to coal swelling increased with the additives, while the raw coal showed a higher volatile release after maximum swelling than the blends. The addition of metaplast into the raw coal led to greater swelling, increased exothermicity, and resulted in a higher thermal conductivity than the addition of volatile tar during the primary devolatilization, particularly when the additive was 20 wt % in the blend. Different influences of thermoplasticity of the blends indicated that the interactions between the additive and the coal are affected by the molecular weight distribution of the additive. These findings will aid in the selection of the additive for improving thermoplasticity of low-caking coals to benefit coke production.
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2018 |
Tran QA, Stanger R, Xie W, Smith N, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Thermoplastic development of coking and non-coking maceral concentrates and molecular weight distribution of their pyrolysis products', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 129 72-85 (2018) [C1]
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A suit of nitrogen-dried maceral concentrates derived from a coking coal and a non-coking coal was investigated to reveal the impact of varying coal main orga... [more]
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A suit of nitrogen-dried maceral concentrates derived from a coking coal and a non-coking coal was investigated to reveal the impact of varying coal main organic constituent, the vitrinite, on their thermoplasticity and pyrolysis products. The thermoplastic development of maceral concentrates during pyrolysis was evaluated via their thermo-swelling and dynamic volatile release. These measurements were then linked to molecular weight distributions of vaporised tars and tetrahydrofuran (THF) extracts obtained from heat-treated samples. Regardless of the vitrinite content, only coking macerals agglomerated during pyrolysis while non-coking macerals retained their powdered structure. This result indicated that although concentrating the vitrinite could alter the extent of coal thermoplasticity, such process could not grant or remove thermoplasticity from a maceral concentrate. This was reflected in the similar molecular weight distribution of solvent extracts produced between the parent coals and their concentrates. In specific, coking concentrates generated extractable materials with a relatively more complex structure, consisting of a bimodal molecular weight distribution with 12¿14 Da repeating structures at <600 Da and 24 Da reoccurring units between 600 and ~1500 Da. Solvent extracts isolated from non-coking concentrates, on the other hand, possessed a unimodal molecular weight distribution with only 12¿14 Da repeating structures extending to ~800 Da. The absence of high-range molecular weight materials (the 24 Da repeating units) in non-coking coal and its concentrates was speculated to play a vital role to their inability to exhibit thermoplastic behaviour during pyrolysis.
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2018 |
Stanger R, Tran QA, Browne M, Lucas J, Naebe M, Height M, Wall T, 'Evaluating the Thermal Extrusion Behavior of a Coking Coal for Direct Carbon Fiber Production', Energy and Fuels, 32 4528-4537 (2018) [C1]
© 2018 American Chemical Society. This study outlines a novel thermal extrusion system and methodologies for evaluating the potential to manufacture carbon fiber directly from the... [more]
© 2018 American Chemical Society. This study outlines a novel thermal extrusion system and methodologies for evaluating the potential to manufacture carbon fiber directly from thermoplastic coals. It is envisioned that the intermediate product will be further refined by spinning down to commercial fiber sizes and thermal annealing. Commercial melt spinning is used for manufacturing carbon fibers from pitch-based feed materials, and a similar approach for plasticized coal is likely to be a lower risk option. However, the critical aspect of using coal for this purpose is its behavior inside a higher pressure extrusion unit and the need to characterize its rheology. This work has evaluated the thermoplastic development needed for extrusion of a single coking coal in terms of the heating rate and residence time and characterized the extruded fiber product. It was observed that the coal underwent a preliminary softening phase prior to extruding at significant speed. This phase appeared necessary to develop the critical viscosity for extrusion and was affected by the heating rate. The size of the orifice that the coal was extruded through also impacted the point of extrusion, with the smaller 0.5 mm hole requiring lower viscosity to be developed to flow at steady state. Other operating modes were developed to examine the thermoplastic properties of the coal over an extended residence time, and it was found that the coal could be maintained up to 60 min at selected temperatures. The product fiber was larger than the commercial size, appearing slightly larger than the orifice size. Internal porosity and surface roughness were observed as coal-based fiber qualities in need of controlling, along with the mineral content and size.
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2017 |
Stanger R, Tran QA, Smith N, Kennedy E, Stockenhuber M, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Separation and analysis of high range extractable molecules formed during coal pyrolysis using coupled thin layer chromatography-imaging mass spectrometry (TLC-LDI-IMS)', FUEL, 196 269-279 (2017) [C1]
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2016 |
Stanger R, Tran QA, Xie W, Smith N, Lucas J, Yu J, et al., 'The use of LDI-TOF imaging mass spectroscopy to study heated coal with a temperature gradient incorporating the plastic layer and semi-coke', Fuel, 165 33-40 (2016) [C1]
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. This work has used high range imaging mass spectrometry to study a coal sample that has undergone heating with a temperature gradient. A custom made hotplate ... [more]
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. This work has used high range imaging mass spectrometry to study a coal sample that has undergone heating with a temperature gradient. A custom made hotplate was heated to 1000°C and the coal was allowed to heat naturally through conduction to produce a large thermal gradient typical of conditions in a coke oven. The sample was quenched, sectioned and analysed using laser desorption time of flight imaging mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF-IMS) to study the molecular changes that occur within the plastic layer and in the semi-coke. The raw coal was observed to have a molecular weight range between 500 and 20,000 Da with a peak occurring at 2000 Da. The plastic layer was observed to have a prevalence for increasing 500-1000 Da structures though this formed part of the larger molecular weight range. Resolidification of the plastic layer coincided with a rise in 4000 Da structures. The semi-coke spectrum had a series of repeating peaks separated by 24 Da extending from 1000 Da to 3000 Da. This was considered evidence of broad molecular ordering. A second phenomenon was observed in the semi-coke associated with low range molecular weights (50-300 Da). This appeared as high intensity signals in a molecular range typically considered as ion fragments (being too low in size to remain in the high vacuum environment). It was speculated that these low range structures may be associated with the coking of volatile tars exiting the hot-side of the plastic layer through high temperature semi-coke. Overall, this preliminary work provides a novel methodology to study the heating impacts during coking on a molecular level.
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2016 |
Quang AT, Stanger R, Xie W, Smith N, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Impacts of Mild Pyrolysis and Solvent Extraction on Coking Coal Thermoplasticity', ENERGY & FUELS, 30 9293-9302 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Akhtar K, Tahmasebi A, Tian L, Yu J, Lucas J, 'An experimental study of direct reduction of hematite by lignite char', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 123 1111-1118 (2016) [C1]
© 2015 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary. In this paper, the use of lignite char as the reductant is proved to be promising in direct reduction of iron (DRI) technology. A better... [more]
© 2015 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary. In this paper, the use of lignite char as the reductant is proved to be promising in direct reduction of iron (DRI) technology. A better understanding of the reducing characteristics of lignite char is necessary for the development of efficient DRI technologies. The application of lignite char as reductant in direct reduction of hematite has been investigated in this study, and the results are compared with those of lignite coal and graphite. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to analyze the thermal behavior of the composite pellets. Maximum iron oxide reduction rate occurred at 865, 829.5, and 920 °C when lignite coal, lignite char, and graphite were used as reductants, respectively, indicating that iron oxide can be reduced at lower temperatures in the presence of lignite char. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that complete reduction of hematite to elemental iron was achieved with lignite char after 15-min reduction at 1000 °C. Scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray analysis results showed that the atomic ratio of Fe/O was increased from 0.39 in pellets before reduction to 0.51, 0.55, and 0.71 after reduction by graphite, coal, and lignite char, indicating that lignite char reduced hematite to a higher degree compared to lignite coal and graphite.
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2016 |
Yang N, Yu JL, Dou JX, Tahmasebi A, Song H, Moghtaderi B, et al., 'The effects of oxygen and metal oxide catalysts on the reduction reaction of NO with lignite char during combustion flue gas cleaning', Fuel Processing Technology, 152 102-107 (2016) [C1]
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The development of lignite-char-supported metal oxide catalyst for reduction of nitric oxide (NO) is investigated in this paper. The char... [more]
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. The development of lignite-char-supported metal oxide catalyst for reduction of nitric oxide (NO) is investigated in this paper. The characteristics of NO reduction by copper and iron oxide catalysts supported on activated lignite chars (ALC) was studied using a fixed-bed reactor at 300 °C. The results showed that the impregnation of Cu on ALC resulted in higher catalytic reactivity during NO reduction compared with that of Fe. Chemisorption of O2 and NO on Cu/ALC catalyst was found to play an important role in denitrification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that chemically adsorbed oxygen facilitates the formation of C(O) complex and oxidation of Cu0 to Cu+ for Cu/ALC catalyst. The C(O) intermediates and C*production formed due to the fact that C/O2 reaction promoted the reduction of NO. It is suggested that the catalytic reaction of NO in this case comprised of C/O2 reaction, C(O)/NO reaction and formation of N2 and CO2. Cu seemed to have significantly promoted the C(O) formation and CO oxidation compared with Fe. The catalytic reactivity of Cu species for C(O) formation and CO oxidation followed the order of Cu0 > Cu+ > Cu2 +. Fe3O4 was believed to be the active phase in Fe catalyst. The oxygen and char-supported metal catalysts significantly promoted C/NO reaction, and therefore may lead to a lower operation temperature of NOx removal.
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2016 |
Stanger R, Quang AT, Attalla T, Smith N, Lucas J, Wall T, 'The pyrolysis behaviour of solvent extracted metaplast material from heated coal using LDI-TOF mass spectroscopy measurements', JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS, 120 258-268 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Tran QA, Stanger R, Xie W, Lucas J, Yu J, Stockenhuber M, et al., 'Maceral separation from coal by the Reflux Classifier', FUEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY, 143 43-50 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, Stanger R, 'Thermo-swelling Behavior of Australian Coking Coals from Different Basins: Relating to Rank and Maceral Compositions', ENERGY & FUELS, 30 10126-10135 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, Stanger R, 'Chemical Changes of Australian Coking Coals from Different Basins with Various Ranks and Maceral Compositions: Linking to Both Physical and Thermal Changes', ENERGY & FUELS, 30 10136-10147 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Gai S, Yu J, Yu H, Eagle J, Zhao H, Lucas J, et al., 'Process simulation of a near-zero-carbon-emission power plant using CO2 as the renewable energy storage medium', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS CONTROL, 47 240-249 (2016) [C1]
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2016 |
Tran QA, Stanger R, Xie W, Smith N, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Linking Thermoplastic Development and Swelling with Molecular Weight Changes of a Coking Coal and Its Pyrolysis Products', Energy and Fuels, 30 3906-3916 (2016) [C1]
© 2016 American Chemical Society. The thermoplastic development of an Australian coking coal was investigated by linking thermal swelling with changes in molecular weight of its p... [more]
© 2016 American Chemical Society. The thermoplastic development of an Australian coking coal was investigated by linking thermal swelling with changes in molecular weight of its pyrolysis products. Coal thermal swelling was investigated together with volatiles evolution and characterization of generated volatiles (including volatile tar and light gases). The molecular weight distributions of coal and its solvent extracts were measured by using laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy (LDI-TOF-MS). Solvent extraction (by acetone and tetrahydrofuran (THF)) was initially used on the raw coal to aid interpretation of thermoswelling by volumetric expansion measurements. The removal of ~2% solvent-soluble matter from the raw coal (the mobile phase) reduced its swelling extent during heating by up to 22% (from 86% down to 68% and 64% for acetone- and THF-residues, respectively). Volatile release after solvent treatment remained unaffected. This suggested that the majority of the coals swelling behavior could be attributed to the formation of heat-generated liquid matter (the Metaplast) during pyrolysis. Broad molecular weight changes were found in the solvent extractable component (metaplastic material extracted by acetone and THF) of the semicoke. Prior to softening (350 °C), the extractable components were composed of molecules mainly <500 Da. The upper limit in molecular weight distribution of solvent extracts increased significantly to 1800 Da at the onset of swelling (400-450 °C) and decreased back to ~500 Da at the end of swelling (500 °C). The spectra showed that the volatile tar and acetone extract (the light solvent extract) consisted of similar repeating structures separated 12-14 Da apart. As the treatment temperature increased, the molecular weight distribution of volatile tar increased in molecular mass, approaching that of the acetone extract distribution (~600 Da). The THF extract molecular weight distribution was a mixture of 12-14 and 24 Da repeating units which only became apparent at molecular weight above 600 Da. The LDI-TOF-MS analysis of the solid coal showed that it contained a distribution of molecular structures centered at 2000 Da and spanning between 500 and 7000 Da. This raw coal spectrum also contained multiple repeating mass lines every 24 Da apart. Overall, these results suggested that the coal consisted of complicated structures which subsequently degraded into smaller fragments capable of forming a complex intermediate liquid phase and a distribution of lighter volatile tar species.
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2015 |
Xie W, Stanger R, Lucas J, Mahoney M, Elliott L, Yu J, Wall T, 'Thermo-swelling Properties of Particle Size Cuts of Coal Maceral Concentrates', Energy & Fuels, 29 4893-4901 (2015) [C1]
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2015 |
Du SW, Yeh CP, Chen WH, Tsai CH, Lucas JA, 'Burning characteristics of pulverized coal within blast furnace raceway at various injection operations and ways of oxygen enrichment', Fuel, 143 98-106 (2015) [C1]
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. In this research, coal combustion behavior across the regions of blowpipe, tuyere, and raceway of blast furnace are numerically examined.... [more]
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. In this research, coal combustion behavior across the regions of blowpipe, tuyere, and raceway of blast furnace are numerically examined. Three different lance configurations, including a single lance, a double air-cooled coaxial lance, and an oxy-coal lance with different oxygen enrichment patterns, are taken into consideration. The coal combustion efficiency by the double lance injection is 5.1% higher than that by single lance injection. From the calculated temperature by the oxy-coal lance, coal ignition is retarded due to the cooling effect of enriched oxygen flowing through the lance annulus, resulting in the moderation of pressure loss within the raceway. Most importantly, the enriched oxygen becomes the combustion enhancer in the downstream of coal plume after ignition is triggered. Consequently, the coal burnout under the oxy-coal lance injection is comparative to that under the double air-cooled lance injection. The performance of blast furnace may be improved with the advantages provided by the oxy-coal lance injection. Compared with the single lance injection, coal trajectories under the oxy-coal lance injection are closer to the tuyere exit due to the higher inertia force of coal particles against hot blast. This should be taken into account for the designs of the oxy-coal lance.
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2015 |
Xie W, Stanger R, Wall TF, Lucas JA, Mahoney MR, 'Associations of physical, chemical with thermal changes during coking as coal heats - Experiments on coal maceral concentrates', Fuel, 147 1-8 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Dynamic measurements of physical, chemical and thermal changes in the transformation of coal maceral concentrates were made during heatin... [more]
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Dynamic measurements of physical, chemical and thermal changes in the transformation of coal maceral concentrates were made during heating at a rate of 10°C/min to 1000°C. The endothermic and exothermic processes were identified by measurements of apparent specific heat while the fluidity was indicated by the estimated thermal conductivity. Measurements of swelling and bed permeability were made, with continuous quantitative elemental analysis of gases and tars as they evolved. Data for two coal concentrates of high and moderate vitrinite indicate that the same reactions and events are occurring for the two samples, but to a greater extent for the high vitrinite sample. The research has noted the significance of evolved tars in the early events, being the lowest temperature event identified, with rapid tar evolution prior to the onset of swelling associated with permeability change. Further tar release and gas evolution is associated with a rapid swelling event, this event being substantially greater for the high vitrinite sample. The data has also quantified contraction at higher temperatures following swelling which is associated with the release of hydrogen containing gases. Evolved tars from the high vitrinite sample showed elevated H/C ratio indicating that vitrinite tars appear to be more aliphatic than those evolved from inertinite. A comparison of measured swelling with estimated volumetric flow rate of the volatiles has indicated that thermo-expansion of coal utilised up to 21% of the volatiles to drive bubble growth. This utilisation rate varied significantly across the plastic temperature range.
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2015 |
Dou J, Yu J, Tahmasebi A, Yin F, Gupta S, Li X, et al., 'Ultrasonic-assisted preparation of highly reactive Fe-Zn sorbents supported on activated-char for desulfurization of COG', Fuel Processing Technology, 135 187-194 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The desulfurization properties of Fe-Zn sorbent prepared by impregnating Fe and Zn into lignite char via ultrasonic-assisted impregnation (UAI) were investiga... [more]
© 2015 Elsevier B.V. The desulfurization properties of Fe-Zn sorbent prepared by impregnating Fe and Zn into lignite char via ultrasonic-assisted impregnation (UAI) were investigated in comparison with the mechanical stirring (MS) method. The sulfidation experiments were carried out using a fixed-bed quartz reactor under ambient pressure. The amounts of metals loaded into char were measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The crystalline phases and chemical structure of sorbents before and after sulfidation were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The morphology of sorbents was analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) auxiliary. The experimental results showed that metal oxides as the active components were evenly dispersed on char as nanoparticles. The impregnation of active components was significantly improved by the ultrasonic-assisted impregnation method. When sorbents were prepared by ultrasonic-assisted impregnation, the metal oxide particles became smaller and more evenly dispersed on the char matrix which resulted in higher desulfurization efficiency and sulfur uptake capacity of the sorbents. The BET results showed that the physical properties of sorbents (surface area and pore volume) significantly improved when prepared by UAI method compared to MS method. The sulfidation temperature had a significant effect on desulfurization performance of char supported sorbents. The Fe:Zn molar ratio of 2:1, and impregnation time of 9 h were suggested as the optimal preparation conditions during ultrasonic-assisted impregnation.
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2015 |
Stanger R, Borrowdale J, Smith N, Xei W, Tran QA, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Changes in Solvent-Extracted Matter for Heated Coal during Metaplast Formation Using High-Range Mass Spectrometry', Energy and Fuels, 29 7101-7113 (2015) [C1]
© 2015 American Chemical Society. A fundamental study was undertaken to characterize the changes in solvent-extracted matter formed during the thermoplastic phase of coking. Coal ... [more]
© 2015 American Chemical Society. A fundamental study was undertaken to characterize the changes in solvent-extracted matter formed during the thermoplastic phase of coking. Coal samples were heated to fixed temperatures within the pyrolytic plastic range of 400-500 °C, and the volatile material was extracted in a two-stage extraction with acetone (light extract) and then tetrahydrofuran (THF heavy extract). The extracted material was analyzed using laser desorption ionization (time-of flight) mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF-MS). The LDI-TOF-MS results showed that three extracted fractions could be broadly classified here as overlapping molecular weight ranges as volatile tars (200-450 Da), light acetone-soluble extract (250-500 Da), and heavy THF-soluble extract (300-1200 Da). A further class of compounds was identified from THF extraction of the raw coal in the range of 600-2500 Da that required higher laser powers to ionize and was not observed in the thermally generated samples. Negligible changes were observed in the composition of the acetone-soluble extracts with temperature, while the THF-soluble extract showed smaller proportions of larger molecules with higher treatment temperatures. It was observed that each molecular weight spectrum showed repeating structural units forming peaks every 12-14 Da (homologous series), with distributions of species around each peak. The volatile tar and acetone-soluble material shared common repeating structures also evident in the raw coal extract. This suggested that the material in this fraction was thermally stable over the analyzed temperature range. The repeating features of the THF-soluble extract species appeared to be structurally different. Overall, this work has indicated that development of extractable matter expected to be associated with fluidity during coking and subsequent resolidification relies on <1000 Da compounds. The results showed that >600 Da compounds are thermally sensitive. Compounds with molecular weights of <450 Da may be removed during coking, possibly as a vapor, resulting in a reduction in fluidity. There has been speculation that the thermally stable (acetone-soluble) material identified in both raw coal extract and those from thermally treated samples may be capable of undergoing a phase change to initiate plastic deformation.
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2015 |
Tahmasebi A, Jiang Y, Yu J, Li X, Lucas J, 'Solvent extraction of Chinese lignite and chemical structure changes of the residue during H
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Solvent extraction and oxidation of coal under mild conditions can assist in understanding of coal chemical structure. It can also offer ... [more]
© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Solvent extraction and oxidation of coal under mild conditions can assist in understanding of coal chemical structure. It can also offer a potential for conversion of coal into useful chemicals, allowing more efficient use of coal resources. In this study, a Chinese lignite was extracted by different solvents including CS2, ethanol, and acetone. The composition of the extracts was analyzed by GC-MS method. It was found that the CS2 extracts contained high amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbon. The ethanol and acetone extracts mainly contained oxygen-containing compounds. The effects of reaction temperature and residence time on coal oxidation and composition of extract residueswere also investigated. The results showed that lignite was readily oxidized in H2O2 aqueous solution at temperatures above 40 °C, and the oxidation behavior (oxidation rate, product distribution and yields) was strongly temperature dependent. Oxidation of extract residues in H2O2 solution was carried out at different temperatures. Water soluble products of oxidation were analyzed using the GC-MS. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were present in all oxidation steps. The relative content of esters in all oxidation stepswas also high. The chemical structure changes of coal, the extract residues, and the oxidation residueswere studied using FTIR technique. The results indicated that the extract residues had lower intensity of aliphatic hydrogen compared to raw coal. The aromatic carbon concentration remained relatively unchanged when oxidized at temperatures below 30 °C, then decreased slightly with increasing the oxidation temperature.
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2014 |
Stanger R, Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, 'Dynamic measurement of coal thermal properties and elemental composition of volatile matter during coal pyrolysis', Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 3 2-8 (2014)
A new technique that allows dynamic measurement of thermal properties, expansion and the elemental chemistry of the volatile matter being evolved as coal is pyrolysed is described... [more]
A new technique that allows dynamic measurement of thermal properties, expansion and the elemental chemistry of the volatile matter being evolved as coal is pyrolysed is described. The thermal and other properties are measured dynamically as a function of temperature of the coal without the need for equilibration at temperature. In particular, the technique allows for continuous elemental characterisation of tars as they are evolved during pyrolysis and afterwards as a function of boiling point. The technique is demonstrated by measuring the properties of maceral concentrates from a coal. The variation in heats of reaction, thermal conductivity and expansion as a function of maceral composition is described. Combined with the elemental analysis, the results aid in the interpretation of the chemical processes contributing to the physical and thermal behaviour of the coal during pyrolysis. Potential applications in cokemaking studies are discussed. © 2013 Brazilian Metallurgical, Materials and Mining Association. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.
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2014 |
Liu D, Loo CE, Pinson D, Burgess S, Evans G, Lucas J, 'Understanding Coalescence in Iron Ore Sintering Using Two Bench-scale Techniques', ISIJ INTERNATIONAL, 54 2179-2188 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Tahmasebi A, Yu J, Su H, Han Y, Lucas J, Zheng H, Wall T, 'A differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) study on the characteristics and behavior of water in low-rank coals', Fuel, 135 243-252 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Wang N, Yu J, Tahmasebi A, Han Y, Lucas J, Wall T, Jiang Y, 'Experimental Study on Microwave Pyrolysis of an Indonesian Low-Rank Coal', ENERGY & FUELS, 28 254-263 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Meng F, Yu J, Tahmasebi A, Han Y, Zhao H, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Characteristics of Chars from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Lignite', ENERGY & FUELS, 28 275-284 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Meng F, Tahmasebi A, Yu J, Zhao H, Han Y, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Low-Temperature Oxidation Characteristics of Lignite Chars from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis', Energy & Fuels, 28 5612-5622 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Yin F, Yu J, Dou J, Gupta S, Moghtaderi B, Lucas J, 'Sulfidation of iron-based sorbents supported on activated chars during the desulfurization of coke oven gases: Effects of Mo and Ce addition', Energy and Fuels, 28 2481-2489 (2014) [C1]
Coke oven gas cleaning is an important issue in China, where it can be a source of liquefied natural gas (LNG) through the methanation process. In this study, char-supported sorbe... [more]
Coke oven gas cleaning is an important issue in China, where it can be a source of liquefied natural gas (LNG) through the methanation process. In this study, char-supported sorbents were prepared by loading iron, cerium, and molybdenum into a Chinese lignite through co-precipitation, and the sorbents were used for dry desulfurization of coke oven gases. Desulfurization efficiency of the sorbents was examined using a fixed-bed reactor in a temperature range of 473-673 K using a simulated coke oven gas. A gas chromatograph equipped with both a flame photometric detector (FPD) and a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) was used to analyze gas composition, while X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine chemical phases and the dispersion pattern of the active constitutes of the sorbents. The experimental results showed that the highest desulfurization efficiency and sulfur capacity appeared at 673 K. The reactivity of the nanosized active components in the char increased with increasing the desulfurization temperature in the temperature range of 473-673 K. In the case of Fe-Mo-impregnated sorbents, Fe and Mo combined together to form complex Fe-Mo oxide phases. The introduction of Mo in the sorbent is found to greatly increase the sulfur capacity and desulfurization efficiency of the Fe sorbent supported on activated chars. The addition of Ce leads to noticeable improvement of the performance of Fe sorbent during sulfidation. The mechanisms and factors influencing the sulfidation reactions have also been discussed. © 2014 American Chemical Society.
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2014 |
Yu J, Jiang Y, Tahmasebi A, Han Y, Li X, Lucas J, Wall T, 'Coal Oxidation under Mild Conditions: Current Status and Applications', Chemical Engineering & Technology, 37 1635-1644 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Stanger R, Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, 'Dynamic measurement of coal thermal properties and elemental composition of volatile matter during coal pyrolysis', Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 3 2-8 (2014) [C1]
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2014 |
Du S-W, Chen W-H, Lucas JA, 'Pretreatment of biomass by torrefaction and carbonization for coal blend used in pulverized coal injection.', Bioresour Technol, 161 333-339 (2014) [C1]
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2013 |
Xie W, Stanger R, Lucas J, Wall T, Mahoney M, 'Coal macerals separation by reflux classification and thermo-swelling analysis based on the Computer Aided Thermal Analysis', FUEL, 103 1023-1031 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Stanger R, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, 'Dynamic Elemental Thermal Analysis (DETA) - A characterisation technique for the production of biochar and bio-oil from biomass resources', FUEL, 108 656-667 (2013) [C1]
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2013 |
Stanger R, Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, 'Dynamic Elemental Thermal Analysis: A technique for continuous measurement of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen chemistry of tar species evolved during coal pyrolysis', Fuel, 103 764-772 (2013) [C1]
A novel technique is described which provides quantitative and continuous analysis of light gas and condensable tar components as they are evolved in terms of carbon, hydrogen and... [more]
A novel technique is described which provides quantitative and continuous analysis of light gas and condensable tar components as they are evolved in terms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The technique has also been used to directly characterise the total tar sample in terms of carbon distribution and boiling point. It has been found that changes to the dynamic tar-H/C ratio correspond well with particular temperatures measured by Geiseler Plastometer for softening, maximum fluidity and re-solidification. This technique can enhance the chemical understanding of mechanisms occurring during de-polymerisation and cross-linking of coal (i.e. metaplast development and the transfer of hydrogen) while also monitoring tar evolution. A tar collection and re-vaporisation method provides a means of identifying tar groups that contribute towards the metaplast phase and temperatures at which they evolve. Both methods are unique in studying chemical aspects of coal and tar behaviour with heating, in a field based on thermo-physical techniques (e.g. H1 NMR, high temperature rheology, Geiseler plastometry, dilatation). Overall, the Dynamic Elemental Thermal Analysis (DETA) technique can give new insight into the fundamental mechanisms prevalent in coal pyrolysis and provides quantitative chemical assessment of tar nature (i) during the heating of coal and (ii) as a final (total) condensed product. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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2013 |
Stanger R, Xie W, Wall T, Lucas J, Mahoney M, 'Dynamic behaviour of coal macerals during pyrolysis-Associations between physical, thermal and chemical changes', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 34 2393-2400 (2013) [C1]
A fundamental study on the behaviour of heating coal macerals has been undertaken using two novel thermal analysis techniques. The apparent specific heat was determined during hea... [more]
A fundamental study on the behaviour of heating coal macerals has been undertaken using two novel thermal analysis techniques. The apparent specific heat was determined during heating using an inverse calorimetric method (computer aided thermal analysis, CATA) and combined with pressure and displacement measurements to correlate endothermic and exothermic behaviour with measurement of swelling. The second technique used a post-oxidation stage to combust the tars and gases into products which were analysed. This method was used to study the elemental character of volatiles release from coal maceral concentrates in terms of carbon and hydrogen. Extents of swelling and exothermicity during primary devolatilisation were found to be correlated with vitrinite content and were associated with tar evolution. For the highest vitrinite fraction (of 86.4% vitrinite) swelling was initiated at the same temperature range for exothermic reactions, and maximum swelling coincided with the peak release of light gases. Tar evolution was found to change in chemical character (as defined by H/C ratio) during progressive heating, initially rising in the early stages of tar formation (<430°C) to a maximum of 1.24, then gradually decreasing to a minimum of 0.64 at 550°C. © 2012 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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2010 |
Du S-W, Chen W-H, Lucas JA, 'Pulverized coal burnout in blast furnace simulated by a drop tube furnace', Energy, 35 576-581 (2010) [C1]
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2009 |
Grezl K, Lucas JA, Ebrill N, Rodger JC, 'Science in technology and the progression of ideas through innovation', The International Journal of Science in Society, 1 71-85 (2009) [C1]
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2008 |
Elliott LK, Lucas JA, Happ J, Patterson J, Hurst H, Wall TF, 'Rate limitations of lime dissolution into coal ash slag', Energy & Fuels, 22 3626-3630 (2008) [C1]
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2007 |
Du SW, Chen WH, Lucas JA, 'Performances of pulverized coal injection in blowpipe and tuyere at various operational conditions', Energy Conversion and Management, 48 2069-2076 (2007) [C1]
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2007 |
Yu J, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'Formation of the structure of chars during devolatilization of pulverized coal and its thermoproperties: A review', Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 33 135-170 (2007) [C1]
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2005 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'Effect of pressure on the swelling of density separated coal particles', Fuel, 84 1238-1245 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Strezov L, 'Investigation of the swelling pressure development during slow pyrolysis of thermoplastic coals', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 74 88-95 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Strezov V, Liu G, Lucas JA, Wibberley LJ, 'Computational calorimetric study of the iron ore reduction reactions in mixtures with coal', Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 44 621-626 (2005) [C1]
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2004 |
Yu J, Lucas JA, Wall TF, Liu G, Sheng C, 'Modelling the development of char structure during the rapid heating of pulverized coal', Combustion and Flame, 136 519-532 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Strezov V, Moghtaderi B, Lucas JA, 'Computational calorimetric investigation of the reactions during thermal conversion of wood biomass', Biomass & Bioenergy, 27 459-465 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Liu G-S, Strezov V, Lucas JA, Wibberley LJ, 'Thermal investigations of direct iron ore reduction with coal', Thermochimica Acta, 410 133-140 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Strezov L, 'Experimental and modelling of the thermal regions of activity during pyrolysis of bituminous coals', Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 71 375-392 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Yu J, Harris D, Lucas JA, Roberts D, Wu H, Wall TF, 'Effect of Pressure on Char Formation during Pyrolysis of Pulverized Coal', Energy & Fuels, 18 1346-1353 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
McCann G, Strezov V, Lucas JA, Evans T, Strezov L, 'Iron Ore Characterisation during High Temperature Thermal Processing', Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing, 12(3/4) 369-382 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Cassey JG, Strezov V, Armstrong P, Forsyth R, Lucas JA, Jones B, Farrell P, 'Influence of control variables on mannequin temperature in a paediatric operating theatre', Pediatric Anesthesia, 14 130-134 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Evans TJ, Strezov L, 'Effect of Heating Rate on the Thermal Properties and Devolatilisation of Coal', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 78 385-397 (2004) [C1]
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2003 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Strezov L, 'Computer aided thermal analysis', JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY, 72 907-918 (2003)
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2003 |
Strezov V, Moghtaderi B, Lucas JA, 'Thermal Study of Decomposition of Selected Biomass Samples', Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 72 1041-1048 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Yu J, Strezov V, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'Swelling Behaviour of Individual Coal Particles in the Single Particle Reactor', Fuel, 82 1977-1987 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Yu J, Lucas JA, Strezov V, Wall TF, 'Coal and Carbon Nanotube Production', Fuel, 82 2025-2032 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Browning GJ, Bryant GW, Hurst HJ, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'An Empirical Method for the Prediction of Coal Ash Slag Viscosity', Energy & Fuels, 17 731-737 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Yu J, Lucas JA, Strezov V, Wall TF, 'Swelling and Char Structures from Density Fractions of Pulverized Coal', Energy & Fuels, 17 1160-1174 (2003) [C1]
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2002 |
Yu JL, Strezov V, Lucas JA, Liu GL, Wall TF, 'A mechanistic study on char structure evolution during coal devolatilization - experiments and model predictions', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29 1-7 (2002) [C1]
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2002 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Strezov L, 'In-situ observations of coking phenomena', Cokemaking International, 14, No. 1 60-64 (2002) [C1] |
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2002 |
Yu JL, Strezov V, Lucas J, Liu GS, Wall T, 'A mechanistic study on char structure evolution during coal devolatilization - Experiments and model predictions', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 29 467-473 (2002)
Char structures evolved during the devolatilization process have been found to play a significant role in the subsequent processes (e.g., char combustion and gasification) and to ... [more]
Char structures evolved during the devolatilization process have been found to play a significant role in the subsequent processes (e.g., char combustion and gasification) and to influence the ash formation mechanisms. In the present paper, a mathematical model has been developed based on the multibubble mechanism to simulate the char structure evolution process. The model is the first to provide predictions of heterogenous char structures evolved during devolatilization (e.g. cenospheric char, foam structure, or dense char structure) as well as transient particle swelling ratios, based on the ultimate and proximate data of the given coal. The devolatilization process is divided into the preplastic stage, plastic stage, and resolidified stage. Bubble number conservation, mass, and force balance are formulated during the plastic stage to predict the transient swelling ratio and resultant char structures. Experiments have been conducted using a single coal particle reactor (SPR) and a drop tube furnace (DTF) with density-separated coal samples prepared using the sink-float method. The SPR experiments confirm that bubble behavior is responsible for the swelling of the particles that develop plasticity on heating. The analysis of the DTF chars shows that the swelling ratio and porosity decrease with increasing the coal density. Chars from lowdensity samples are mainly Group I chars (porosity >80%), while high-density samples yield mainly Group III chars (porosity <50%), and the medium-density samples contain a mixture. The predicted swelling ratio, porosity, and char type distribution of the chars of the density-separated samples are consistent with the experimental data.
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2002 |
Wall TF, Liu G, Wu H, Roberts DG, Benfell KE, Lucas JA, et al., 'The effects of pressure on coal reactions during pulverised coal combustion and gasification', Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 28 405-433 (2002) [C1]
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2000 |
Liu G, Rezaei H, Lucas JA, Harris DJ, Wall TF, 'Modelling of a pressurised entrained flow coal gasifier: the effect of reaction kinetics and char structure', Fuel, 79 1767-1779 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Liu G, Wu H, Gupta RP, Lucas JA, Tate AG, Wall TF, 'Modelling the fragmentation of non-uniform porous char particles during pulverised coal combustion', Fuel, 79 627-633 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Bryant GW, Browning GJ, Gupta SK, Lucas JA, Gupta RP, Wall TF, 'Thermomechanical analysis of coal ash: the influence of the material for the sample assembly', Energy and Fuels, 14 326-335 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Bryant GW, Browning GJ, Emanuel H, Gupta SK, Gupta RP, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'The fusibility of blended coal ash', Energy and Fuels, 14 316-325 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Benfell KE, Liu G-S, Roberts DG, Harris DJ, Lucas JA, Bailey JG, Wall TF, 'Modeling char combustion: The influence of parent coal petrography and pyrolysis pressure on the structure and intrinsic reactivity of its char', Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 28 2233-2241 (2000)
Chars were made from four Australian coals of varying vitrinite content at pressures of 5, 10, and 15 atm. The morphology of the chars was correlated with the petrography of the p... [more]
Chars were made from four Australian coals of varying vitrinite content at pressures of 5, 10, and 15 atm. The morphology of the chars was correlated with the petrography of the parent coal. The intrinsic reaction rates of the chars at high pressures were measured, and no systematic effect of pyrolysis pressure or maceral concentration was found. It is concluded that observed variations in conversion rates under process conditions are likely to be due to char structural properties and not a result of variation in the intrinsic reactivity of the carbon in the chars. Consequently, this paper presents a char structural submodel that is integrated into an existing char combustion model to account for the combustion behavior of char particles of different morphologies. The char morphology used in the model was predicted using the developed correlation with parent coal petrography, so that a petrographic analysis as well as the proximate and ultimate analyses is required for model input. Validation of the model shows that chars produced at high pressure with a high percentage of cenospherical types burn more rapidly under process conditions than those at low pressure, with model predictions matching measurements. It is suggested that incorporating the char structural submodel into the existing char combustion model improves its predictability.
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2000 |
Li Y, Lucas JA, Fruehan RJ, Belton GR, 'The chemical diffusivity of oxygen in liquid iron oxide and a calcium ferrite', Metallurgical and Material Transactions, 31B 1059-1068 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Rigby GD, Rielly CD, Sciffer SD, Lucas JA, Evans GM, Strezov L, 'Hydrodynamics of fluid flow approaching a moving boundary', Metallurgical and Material Transactions, 31B 1117-1123 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Li Y, Ratchev IP, Lucas JA, Evans GM, Belton GR, 'Rate of interfacial reaction between liquid iron oxide and CO-CO2', Metallurgical and Material Transactions, 31B 1049-1057 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Strezov V, Lucas JA, Strezov L, 'Quantifying the heats of coal devolatilization', Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 31B 1125-1131 (2000) [C1]
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2000 |
Larbi AB, Godin M, Lucas J, 'Analysis of two models of (3D) Fresnel collectors operating in the fixed-aperture mode with a tracking absorber', Solar Energy, 69 1-14 (2000)
In this paper, we study the reflection behavior of (3D) Fresnel collectors operating in the fixed-aperture mode with a tracking absorber. The aim of the study is to investigate th... [more]
In this paper, we study the reflection behavior of (3D) Fresnel collectors operating in the fixed-aperture mode with a tracking absorber. The aim of the study is to investigate the possibility of the use of this type of installation for applications in medium temperature processes (200-300°C). Two models of (3D) Fresnel concentrator are developed for this purpose. One is based on the approximation of the optical behavior of a parabolic concentrator, and the other on that of a spherical one. Via a computer simulation which includes ray-tracing, we evaluate the sensitivity of the geometric concentration ratio to concentrator design parameters, and the option of using curved versus flat elementary mirrors. The numerical results show that there is no large difference between the two models of Fresnel concentrator. For the spherical model, which seems to be slightly more suitable for this type of application, we propose a simple solution for the receiver displacement, which consists of a single-sided absorber moving tangentially to a sphere centered in the concentrator's center. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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1999 |
Browning GJ, Bryant GW, Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'The effects of heterogeneous slag character on viscosity and slag flow in IGCC gasifiers', IFRF Combustion Journal, 10 (1999) [C1]
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1998 |
Sciffer SD, Evans GM, Lucas JA, 'Hydrodynamic Meniscus Profiles in Creeping Flow', Chemical Engineering Science, 53 4129-4133 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Bryant GW, Lucas JA, Gupta SK, Wall TF, 'Use of Thermomechanical Anlaysis to Quantify the Flux Additions necessary for Slag Flow in Slagging Gasifiers Fired with Coal', Energy & Fuels, 12 257-261 (1998) [C1]
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1998 |
Elliott LK, Wang S, Wall TF, Novak F, Lucas JA, Hurst H, et al., 'Dissolution of Lime into Synthetic Coal Ash Slags', Fuel Processing Technology, 56 45-53 (1998) [C1]
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1996 |
Elliott L, Wang SM, Wall T, Novak F, Lucas J, Hurst H, et al., 'Dissolution of lime into synthetic coal ash slags', ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 41 686-688 (1996)
One of the alternate processes presently being investigated to produce electrical power from coal is Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). The ash that remains when the c... [more]
One of the alternate processes presently being investigated to produce electrical power from coal is Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). The ash that remains when the coal is gasified in this process, is removed by granulating the molten ash at 1400 - 1500°C. To reduce the melting temperature of the coal ash to this level, a flux, usually limestone, is added with the coal to the gasifier. The rate of dissolution of the flux is uncertain. This paper reports the investigation of the rate of lime dissolution into synthetic coal ashes, consisting of SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO Results previously reported have shown that the free dissolution of fine particles (50-200µm) is mass transfer controlled. To investigate forced dissolution, a high temperature viscometer was used to rotate a cylinder of lime in the molten slag for a given period. At temperatures between 1450°C and 1650°C, reaction products of 3CaO.SiO2/3CaO.Al2O3, 2CaO.SiO2/3CaO.Al2O3/12CaO.7Al 2O3 form around the lime pellet The concentration gradient involved in the mass transfer was defined, and initial studies of the diffusion coefficients were completed.
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1994 |
Lucas JA, Wall TF, 'Volatile matter release, particle/cloud ignition, and combustion of near-stoichiometric suspensions of pulverised coal', Symposium (International) on Combustion, 25 485-491 (1994)
The ignition characteristics of a cloud of pulverised coal flowing in a drop-tube furnace are examined.Cloud ignition is defined at the minimum gas temperature at which significan... [more]
The ignition characteristics of a cloud of pulverised coal flowing in a drop-tube furnace are examined.Cloud ignition is defined at the minimum gas temperature at which significant oxygen consumption occurs. This is accompanied by the generation of carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, and the formation of a visual flame. Cloud ignition occurs at several hundred degrees above that for the ignition of some single coal particles. For three coals the cloud ignition temperature decreased with oxygen partial pressure, but was not sensitive to fuel equivalence ratio or particle size (as has been observed for single particles). For the three coals examined, pyrolysis measurements show the existence of a tar/light hydrocarbon/oxygenmixture at the cloud ignition temperature. On combustion the accompanying temperature increase results in coal burnoffs from 35 to 65% even though the combustible volatile matter prior to the ignition event corresponds to less than 6.5% burnoff. Different trends of tar and methane combustion and soot formation are observed in the experiments as gas temperature and oxygen levels were changed; however, significant tar combustion was always observed at cloud ignition. A mechanistic model is proposed to explain the observations. © 1994 Combustion Institute.
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1991 |
Wall TF, Gururajan VS, Lucas J, Gupta RP, Dong-Ke Z, Smith IW, Young BC, 'The ignition, burning rate and reactivity of petroleum coke', Symposium (International) on Combustion, 23 1177-1184 (1991)
The kinetics of combustion of a size-graded fractions of petroleum coke (VM 0.9% db) of pulverised fuel size is determined by measuring the carbon burning rate in a CSIRO laminar ... [more]
The kinetics of combustion of a size-graded fractions of petroleum coke (VM 0.9% db) of pulverised fuel size is determined by measuring the carbon burning rate in a CSIRO laminar flow reactor and using a critical ignition technique where a pulse of coke falls into a drop-tube furnace. At the temperatures where a visible flash is observed in the ignition technique little combustion is found to occur and the coke reactivities estimated assuming heterogeneous ignition exceed those from the burning rate by factors from 102 to 103 depending on assumptions made regarding the products of combustion and the definition of the critical ignition temperature. Ignition experiments with coke recycled through the furnace and coke doped with volatile materials indicate the temperature where flashing is detected decreases as volatiles are added and increases as volatiles are removed. The common assumption of heterogeneous ignition in such experiments may not be valid even for fuels of such low volatility. © 1991 Combustion Institute.
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1990 |
GUPTA RP, GURURAJAN VS, LUCAS JA, WALL TF, 'IGNITION TEMPERATURE OF PULVERIZED COAL PARTICLES - EXPERIMENTAL-TECHNIQUES AND COAL-RELATED INFLUENCES', COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 79 333-339 (1990)
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1988 |
WALL TF, PHONGANANT D, GURURAJAN VS, WIBBERLEY LJ, TATE A, LUCAS J, 'INDICATORS OF IGNITION FOR CLOUDS OF PULVERIZED COAL', COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 72 111-118 (1988)
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