Professor James Skinner

This revised and extended second edition evaluates the diverse approaches to organizational change that have defined the field. Explaining the assumptions and implications that accompany these diverse philosophies, this book demystifies the complexities of conflicting perspectives and delivers valuable insights into the research and practice of organizational change.

What makes a sport enterprise successful? How can managers working in sport improve organizational effectiveness through strategic behaviour management? This comprehensive and accessible textbook addresses these important questions and examines the theories that underpin organizational analysis in sport. Helping both students and practitioners to understand the different types of behaviour that occur within a sports enterprise, it also demonstrates how to develop ways of managing behaviour more effectively for the benefit of all stakeholders. The book explores behaviour on individual, interpersonal, group and whole-organization levels, and presents an evidence-based framework for analysis built around key concepts such as: Change and culture Leadership Motivation, rewards and incentives Power and influence Conflict, disputes and grievances Equity, diversity and inclusion. With international case studies, learning objectives, review questions and guides to further reading included in every chapter, no other textbook develops critical skills or an awareness of ethical issues in such detail and depth. Organizational Behaviour in Sport is essential reading for all students and practitioners working in sport, leisure or recreation management.

Research methods courses have become a compulsory component of most degree programs in sport management. This is the first introductory research methods textbook to focus exclusively on sport management. Through the use of examples, cases and data taken from the real world of sport management it opens up a traditionally dry area of study, helping the student to understand the vital importance of sound methodology in their studies and subsequent professional practice. The book covers the full range of quantitative and qualitative methods across the whole span of the research process, from research design and the literature review to data analysis and report writing. Every chapter contains a range of useful features to aid student learning, including summaries, discussion questions and guides to further resources, as well as examples drawn from contemporary sport around the world. Research Methods for Sport Management is an essential course text for all sport management students and an invaluable reference for any sport management professional involved in operational research.

An increasingly important element of sport business is the management of the myriad of relationships in which sport entities are involved. It is the relationship management aspect of sport which is the unique focus of this book. Sport Public Relations and Communication discusses and reformulates the principles of public relations and communications by demonstrating how they can be successfully applied in practice within a sports context. Features include: ¿ discussion customized to apply directly to sports management, thoroughly exploring the nuances of the field. ¿ case studies used throughout the book to illustrate the practical application of theory. ¿ discussion questions to help formulate and articulate defensible arguments in relation to public relations and communications strategies, forging strong links between theory and practice. ¿ examples used to draw from the authors' extensive experience in North America, the United Kingdom, Europe and Australia and New Zealand, providing a well rounded and global understanding of the field. This is the first book to explore public relations and communications in the sports industry in a global context. It brings together applicable strategies for the sport management or marketing student, and provides a concise guide to how public relations and communications strategies and principles can be applied to sport management and marketing issues. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Qualitative Research in Sport Management is the first book of its kind to bring together valuable research designs based on extensive research in qualitative research methods across a number of different fields. Research designs from the fields of business, education, cultural studies, media studies, queer studies, sociology and psychology are applied specifically to sport management, taking into account the special features and nuances of this field. In each research design the text provides a concise guide to how each model can first be applied to sport management issues and problems, second, strengthen the research design, and finally, enhance the research process. Each chapter is carefully structured to ensure that key information is easy to locate and remember and includes: Introduction, Objectives, Key Concepts and Terms, and Review and research questions. International case studies, "In Profile" sections with leading sport management researchers and research briefs are used to illustrate how theory is put into practice. An accompanying website provides powerpoint summaries of each chapter. Please visit: www.textbooks.elsevier.com/9780750685986.

Sport managers strive for organizational improvement, requiring an ability to identify and address problems and search for potential solutions. To achieve this, sport managers can spend a great deal of time evaluating other people¿s research, weighing the strengths and weaknesses of each case, and attempting to apply those conclusions to their own research. The world of sport, however, poses many unique and novel problems defunct in experienced business, government, or charity work. For example, few business managers will ever deal with an employee who can prove they are the best in the world at their job. As such, sport managers need to look carefully at the claims of others, perhaps even more than other types of manager. Sport managers need to judge for themselves whether or not external and internal claims are convincing and reliable. To do that, they need to understand the process by which other researchers have come to their conclusions, and this means understanding the researchers¿ methodologies and intellectual frameworks.

This chapter describes the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and its application to the business of sport. Increasingly, sport teams and franchises operate as a business, with the inherent responsibilities as a business to stakeholders, such as investors, sponsors, and the community at large.Therefore, there is now, more than ever, an increasing expectation that sport organizations assume greater responsibility for their operation and the impact of their operations on their community, fans, and the physical space in which they operate. The concept of sport social responsibility (SSR) derives from an increasing awareness that the business of sport does not operate within a vacuum where only the team, the spectators and the fan base are affected by the operation of the sport. Environmental concern about the operation of sport, for example, is indicative of wider social concerns about the impact of sport business on the environment at large.This chapter discusses particular issues in relation to SSR and looks at how sport managers can use public relations and communications practices to deal with these issues and the impact this can have on the operation of the sport entity as a business.

This chapter discusses the changing nature of the political economy of sport, and football in particular, in the last quarter of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century. Focusing on the United Kingdom for a national perspective and on the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) for the international perspective (FIFA is the governingbody of world football), this chapter identifies the nature of the market for sponsorships and endorsements, the fan base of national and international soccer, and the Horst Dassler-led FIFA assault on the traditional promotion of world football and the establishment of corporate partnerships that generatemillions of dollars of revenue both for corporate identities and football associations.

Policies to prevent performance-enhancing drug use in sport are implicitly based on a form of deterrence theory, whereby the threat of sanctions deters prohibited behaviour. While deterrents generally fail to deter serious criminal actions, criminological research suggests that deterrents can be effective with certain types of offences or offenders. This study explored the perceptions of elite athletes (n¿=¿488) and coaches (n¿=¿92) of two forms of deterrents to performance-enhancing drug use (legal and material loss sanctions) and a range of other anti-doping policy issues. There were marked differences in the perceived deterrent effect for athletes and coaches, with coaches consistently seeing deterrents as less credible than athletes. Both groups endorsed sanctions for the coaches and clubs of doping athletes and expressed support for the withdrawal of commercial and government sponsorship for such athletes. Findings are discussed in relation to the increasing focus of anti-doping campaigns towards elite coaches rather than athletes.

Youth sport is heavily dependent on volunteers to ensure successful delivery of sport programmes. This paper qualitatively investigated motivations and commitments of volunteers at various stages in their careers. Data were gathered through focus group interviews with 34 participants representing five sports and analysed using the Analysis Method Framework. Probes included volunteers' motivations for volunteering, views of commitment, views on commitment targets, and views on clashes between different types of volunteers. Statements were classified on two key dimensions: commitment to organisational targets, and status as core or casual volunteers. This classification resulted in the creation of a typology describing four types of volunteeers ('Mums and dads', 'Specialists', 'Über-volunteers task-oriented', and 'Über-volunteers team-oriented'). Future research should focus on the application of the volunteer typology for further understanding of how commitment influences volunteer behaviour. © 2014 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.

In the last few years, a large number of cases have come to light in which celebrated individuals, and even whole teams, have been found to have used either banned performance enhancing or 'recreational' drugs. There are two very different perspectives on this issue. On the one hand, some see the use of banned drugs as a threat to sport, whereas on the other hand, the use of performance enhancing drugs is actually lauded as a way of energizing flagging public interest in sport. This study is the first survey of Australian popular opinion on the incidence and seriousness of drug use in sport. Data were collected via telephone interviews featuring a nationally representative sample of 2520 participants. Results showed that the public believe that a quarter of athletes use banned performance-enhancing drugs, and a third use banned recreational drugs. The sport most commonly identified as one where performance-enhancing drug use is common was athletics (Australian Football League for recreational drugs). The public were strongly opposed to all forms of drug use in sport, yet opinion was divided as to whether anti-doping investigations should be handled by the police. Results are discussed in light of the efforts of anti-doping agencies to enforce rules and procedures that the public may not fully comprehend. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Socio-cultural studies of sport in society have employed various conceptual categories from a variety of theoretical perspectives, with the latest to gain wide currency being 'social capital'. While there is much general debate on the concept and its measurement in the study of society, the number of studies using social capital has grown remarkably. Of the research using social capital as a central concept, little of this work focuses on understanding sport's position and role in society. This study adds to this new focus by linking recent empirical work and published papers on sport and social capital in Australian society. Social capital is seen to add many positive features to life in society, to provide positive development for individuals, and for building community capacity. © 2009 Taylor & Francis.

Traditional delivery of sport development programs, especially at the community level, faces particular challenges under neoliberal ideology. While several issues are evident, this paper addresses only the issue of development through sport for disadvantaged communities. It reviews models where sport was employed to develop better community and citizen life outcomes and to deal with social issues previously addressed through "welfare state" processes. These new models flow out of neoliberalist state agendas to assist in fostering social inclusion and in building positive social capital in disadvantaged communities. Examples from England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Canada are analysed and the implications for the Australian context are discussed. The discussion focuses on best practice success factors such as policy and strategy, partnerships, places and spaces, community/social development, evaluation and monitoring and sustainability. The role of traditional sports clubs and local government in delivering social inclusion programs and the emerging provision of community based sport activities by community/social development organisations is detailed. The implications for sport management, in terms of community development, community sport development and sport policy, are also discussed. © 2008 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand.

This paper aims to explain the global expansion of the Rip Curl and Quiksilver surfing brands through the lens of Michael Porter's cluster theory of competitive advantage. Porter's cluster theory was used to identify the special features of the Torquay region in Australia, and explain how these features provided the conditions for the explosive international growth of these businesses. Data was collected though interviews, document analysis, and field trips to the Torquay region. The data was interpreted through the prism of Porter's cluster theory of competitive advantage. It was found that the successes of Rip Curl and Quiksilver were not only the consequence of a historically strong surf culture but also the result of their ability to innovate and design superior surf products, develop strong inter-organisational synergies, and the international exposure from their association with the annual Bells Beach surfing contest. Copyright © 2008, Inderscience Publishers.

Ensuring high quality sport management education is an important step in delivering high quality sport managers, particularly in a time when the management of sport is becoming increasingly global, complex and demanding. The question that emerges is "how do we deliver high quality sport management education?" Frisby (2005) calls for the need to engage critical social science in our teaching. Moreover she suggests we must also be able to reflect on our own knowledge claims if the educative process is to remain fluid and "foster healthy debate, critique and social justice" (p. 8). Others such as Costa (2005) and Chalip (2006) suggest there are inadequate mechanisms to ensure that the teaching of sport management is research evidenced based and therefore the knowledge we acquire is relevant to the environments in which sport managers operate. A broader investigation of the quality of sport management education could include: (1) the background and characteristics of students and of sport management educators; (2) course length and course structures; (3) course content and delivery modes; (4) course assessment and evaluation of procedures; (5) the nature and length of professional experience; and (6) the nature and strength of partnerships among different sport management stakeholders. Although we may debate how we can best deliver high quality sport management education, it is imperative that steps are taken to establish what is meant by quality sport management education. © 2007 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand.

The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and administrators in many sporting organisations. This changing environment has caused sporting organisations to review their organisational goals and objectives. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Laughlin's (1991) model of organisational change can illuminate our understanding of the differing impacts of environmental disturbances on sporting organisations. This is achieved by examining the organisational change processes that have occurred within the Queensland Rugby Union (QRU) during its recent history. Participant observation and semi-structured interviews with individuals at differing functional levels within the QRU were used to examine change and its impacts on the QRU. These data were analysed using Laughlin's model of organisational change. Although Laughlin's model succinctly describes historical changes in the QRU, its capacity to explain fully the current change process is limited. The shortcomings of Laughlin's model are considered from the standpoints of critical theory and postmodern approaches to the study of organisations. It is concluded that organisational change is a complex phenomenon that filters through the organisation with differing ramifications at different levels. It is demonstrated that Laughlin's model can be modified to reflect more fully and adequately the complexity of changes across differing levels of the QRU. It is suggested that similar modifications will prove useful for the description of change in other sport organisations. © 1999 Sport Management Association of Australia and New Zealand.