2017 |
Mah B, Weatherall L, Burrows J, Blackwell CC, Gwynn J, Wadhwa P, et al., 'Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in pregnant Australian Indigenous women residing in rural and remote New South Wales: A cross-sectional descriptive study', Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 57 520-525 (2017) [C1]
Background: Pregnancy can be a stressful time for many women. There is ample evidence of numerous physical and mental health inequities for Indigenous Australians. For those Indig... [more]
Background: Pregnancy can be a stressful time for many women. There is ample evidence of numerous physical and mental health inequities for Indigenous Australians. For those Indigenous women who are pregnant, it is established that there is a higher incidence of poor physical perinatal outcomes when compared with non-Indigenous Australians. However, little evidence exists that examines stressful events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in pregnant women who are members of this community. Aims: To quantify the rates of stressful events and PTSD symptoms in pregnant Indigenous women. Methods: One hundred and fifty rural and remote Indigenous women were invited to complete a survey during each trimester of their pregnancy. The survey measures were the stressful life events and the Impact of Events Scale. Results: Extremely high rates of PTSD symptoms were reported by participants. Approximately 40% of this group exhibited PTSD symptoms during their pregnancy with mean score 33.38 (SD¿=¿14.37) significantly higher than a study of European victims of crisis, including terrorism attacks (20.6, SD¿=¿18.5). Conclusions: The extreme levels of PTSD symptoms found in the women participating in this study are likely to result in negative implications for both mother and infant. An urgent response must be mounted at government, health, community development and research levels to address these findings. Immediate attention needs to focus on the development of interventions to address the¿high¿levels of PTSD symptoms that pregnant Australian Indigenous women¿experience.
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Nova |
2016 |
Blackwell C, 'Editorial: infection and inflammation: Potential triggers of Sudden infant deaths', FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, 7 (2016)
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2016 |
Ashman AM, Collins CE, Weatherall L, Brown LJ, Rollo ME, Clausen D, et al., 'A cohort of Indigenous Australian women and their children through pregnancy and beyond: The Gomeroi gaaynggal study', Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 7 357-368 (2016) [C1]
Indigenous Australians have high rates of chronic diseases, the causes of which are complex and include social and environmental determinants. Early experiences in utero may also ... [more]
Indigenous Australians have high rates of chronic diseases, the causes of which are complex and include social and environmental determinants. Early experiences in utero may also predispose to later-life disease development. The Gomeroi gaaynggal study was established to explore intrauterine origins of renal disease, diabetes and growth in order to inform the development of health programmes for Indigenous Australian women and children. Pregnant women are recruited from antenatal clinics in Tamworth, Newcastle and Walgett, New South Wales, Australia, by Indigenous research assistants. Measures are collected at three time points in pregnancy and from women and their children at up to eight time points in the child's first 5 years. Measures of fetal renal development and function include ultrasound and biochemical biomarkers. Dietary intake, infant feeding and anthropometric measurements are collected. Standardized procedures and validated tools are used where available. Since 2010 the study has recruited over 230 women, and retained 66 postpartum. Recruitment is ongoing, and Gomeroi gaaynggal is currently the largest Indigenous pregnancy-through-early-childhood cohort internationally. Baseline median gestational age was 39.1 weeks (31.5-43.2, n=110), median birth weight was 3180 g (910-5430 g, n=110). Over one third (39.3%) of infants were admitted to special care or neonatal nursery. Nearly half of mothers (47.5%) reported tobacco smoking during pregnancy. Results of the study will contribute to knowledge about origins of chronic disease in Indigenous Australians and nutrition and growth of women and their offspring during pregnancy and postpartum. Study strengths include employment and capacity-building of Indigenous staff and the complementary ArtsHealth programme.
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Nova |
2016 |
Grimson S, Cox AJ, Pringle KG, Burns C, Lumbers ER, Blackwell CC, Scott RJ, 'The prevalence of unique SNPs in the renin-angiotensin system highlights the need for pharmacogenetics in Indigenous Australians', Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 43 157-160 (2016) [C1]
Genetic differences between ethnic populations affect susceptibility to disease and efficacy of drugs. This study examined and compared the prevalence of single nucleotide polymor... [more]
Genetic differences between ethnic populations affect susceptibility to disease and efficacy of drugs. This study examined and compared the prevalence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in a desert community of Indigenous Australians and in non-Indigenous Australians. The polymorphisms were angiotensinogen, AGT G-217A (rs5049); AGT G+174A (rs4762); Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, AGTR1 A+1166C (rs5186); angiotensin converting enzyme, ACE A-240T (rs4291), ACE T-93C (rs4292); renin, REN T+1142C (rs5706). They were measured using allelic discrimination assays. The prevalence of REN T+1142C SNP was similar in the two populations; 99% were homozygous for the T allele. All other SNPs were differently distributed between the two populations (P < 0.0001). In non-Indigenous Australians, the A allele at position 204 of ACE rs4291 was prevalent (61.8%) whereas in the Indigenous Australians the A allele was less prevalent (28%). For rs4292, the C allele had a prevalence of 37.9% in non-Indigenous Australians but in Indigenous Australians the prevalence was only 1%. No Indigenous individuals were homozygous for the C allele of AGTR1 (rs5186). Thus the prevalence of RAS SNPs in this Indigenous Australian desert community was different from non-Indigenous Australians as was the prevalence of cytokine SNPs (as shown in a previous study). These differences may affect susceptibility to chronic renal and cardiovascular disease and may alter the efficacy of drugs used to inhibit the RAS. These studies highlight the need to study the pharmacogenetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in Indigenous Australians for safe prescribing guidelines.
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Nova |
2016 |
Pringle KG, Delforce SJ, Wang Y, Ashton KA, Proietto A, Otton G, et al., 'Renin-angiotensin system gene polymorphisms and endometrial cancer', ENDOCRINE CONNECTIONS, 5 128-135 (2016) [C1]
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Nova |
2015 |
Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Gleeson M, Scott RJ, Hall ST, et al., 'Genetic and environmental factors affecting TNF-a responses in relation to sudden infant death syndrome', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Dysregulation of the inflammatory responses has been suggested to contribute to the events leading to sudden infant deaths. Our objectives were (1) to analyze a single nucleotide ... [more]
Dysregulation of the inflammatory responses has been suggested to contribute to the events leading to sudden infant deaths. Our objectives were (1) to analyze a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associated with high levels of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) responses, TNF G-308A, in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants, SIDS and control parents, and ethnic groups with different incidences of SIDS; (2) the effects of two risk factors for SIDS, cigarette smoke and virus infection, on TNF-a responses; and (3) to assess effects of genotype, cigarette smoke, and gender on TNF-a responses to bacterial toxins identified in SIDS infants. TNF G-308A genotypes were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction for SIDS infants from Australia, Germany, and Hungary; parents of SIDS infants and their controls; and populations with high (Aboriginal Australian), medium (Caucasian), and low (Bangladeshi) SIDS incidences. Leukocytes from Caucasian donors were stimulated in vitro with endotoxin or toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). TNF-a responses were measured by L929 bioassay (IU/ml) and assessed in relation to genotype, smoking status, and gender. There was a significantly higher proportion of the minor allele AA genotype among Australian SIDS infants (6/24, 24%) compared to 3/62 (4.8%) controls (p = 0.03). There were no significant differences in TNF-a responses by TNF G-308A genotypes when assessed in relation to smoking status or gender. Given the rarity of the TNF G-308A A allele in Caucasian populations, the finding that 24% of the Australian SIDS infants tested had this genotype requires further investigation and cautious interpretation. Although non-smokers with the AA genotype had higher TNFa responses to both TSST-1 and endotoxin, there were too few subjects with this rare allele to obtain statistically valid results. No effects of genotype, smoking, or gender were observed for TNF-a responses to these toxins.
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Nova |
2015 |
Moscovis SM, Cox A, Hall ST, Burns CJ, Scott RJ, Blackwell CC, 'Effects of gender, cytokine gene polymorphisms and environmental factors on inflammatory responses', Innate Immunity, 21 523-530 (2015) [C1]
Previous studies have indicated that cytokine gene polymorphisms of Indigenous Australians were predominantly associated with strong pro-inflammatory responses. We tested the hypo... [more]
Previous studies have indicated that cytokine gene polymorphisms of Indigenous Australians were predominantly associated with strong pro-inflammatory responses. We tested the hypothesis that cells of donors with genetic profiles of inflammatory cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) similar to Indigenous Australians produce higher pro-inflammatory responses. PBMCs from 14 donors with genetic profiles for a high risk of strong pro-inflammatory responses and 14 with low-risk profiles were stimulated with endotoxin and effects of gender, IFN-¿, cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and testosterone on cytokine responses analysed. Cytokines were calculated from standard curves (Luminex 2.3 software). No significant differences were associated with SNP profile alone. Lower pro-inflammatory responses were observed for cells from males with low- or high-risk profiles. For cells from females with high-risk profiles, anti-inflammatory IL-10 responses were significantly reduced. There was no effect of testosterone levels on responses from males. For females, results from IFN-¿-treated cells showed positive correlations between testosterone levels and IL-1ß responses to endotoxin for both risk groups and TNF-a for the high-risk group. If interactions observed among CSE, IFN-¿, genetic background and testosterone reflect those in vivo, these might contribute to increased incidences of hospitalisations for infectious diseases among Indigenous women.
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Nova |
2015 |
Pringle KG, Weatherall L, Corbisier de Meaultsart C, Keogh L, Sands S, Blackwell C, et al., 'The Gomeroi Gaaynggal Cohort: A Preliminary Study of the Maternal Determinants of Pregnancy Outcomes in Indigenous Australian Women', Journal of Pregnancy and Child Health, 3 (2015) [C1]
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Nova |
2015 |
Pringle KG, Rae K, Weatherall L, Hall S, Burns C, Smith R, et al., 'Effects of maternal inflammation and exposure to cigarette smoke on birth weight and delivery of preterm babies in a cohort of Indigenous Australian women', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), neonatal deaths, and deaths from infection are higher among Indigenous Australians. This study aimed to determine the effects of inflammatory ... [more]
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), neonatal deaths, and deaths from infection are higher among Indigenous Australians. This study aimed to determine the effects of inflammatory responses and exposure to cigarette smoke, two important factors associated with sudden death in infancy, on preterm birth, and birth weight in a cohort of Indigenous mothers. Indigenous Australian women (n = 131) were recruited as part of a longitudinal study while attending antenatal care clinics during pregnancy; blood samples were collected up to three times in pregnancy. Serum cotinine, indicating exposure to cigarette smoke, was detected in 50.4% of mothers. Compared with non-Indigenous women, the cohort had 10 times the prevalence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (33 vs. 3%). Levels of immunoglobulin G, antibodies to H. pylori, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were all inversely correlated with gestational age (P < 0.05). CRP levels were positively associated with maternal body mass index (BMI; ¿ = 0.449, P = 0.001). The effects of cigarette smoke (cotinine) and inflammation (CRP) were assessed in relation to risk factors for SIDS: gestational age at delivery and birth weight. Serum cotinine levels were negatively associated with birth weight (¿ = -0.37, P < 0.001), this correlation held true for both male (¿ = -0.39, P = 0.002) and female (¿ = -0.30, P = 0.017) infants. Cotinine was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery (¿ = -0.199, P = 0.023). When assessed by fetal sex, this was significant only for males (¿ = -0.327, P = 0.011). CRP was negatively associated with gestational age at delivery for female infants (¿ = -0.46, P < 0.001). In contrast, maternal BMI was significantly correlated with birth weight. These data highlight the importance of putting programs in place to reduce cigarette smoke exposure in pregnancy and to treat women with chronic infections such as H. pylori to improve pregnancy outcomes and decrease risk factors for sudden death in infancy.
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Nova |
2015 |
Blackwell C, Moscovis S, Hall S, Burns C, Scott RJ, 'Exploring the risk factors for sudden infant deaths and their role in inflammatory responses to infection', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
The risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) parallel those associated with susceptibility to or severity of infectious diseases. There is no evidence that a single in... [more]
The risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) parallel those associated with susceptibility to or severity of infectious diseases. There is no evidence that a single infectious agent is associated with SIDS; the common thread appears to be induction of inflammatory responses to infections. In this review, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors for SIDS are assessed in relation to the hypothesis that many infant deaths result from dysregulation of inflammatory responses to "minor" infections. Risk factors are assessed in relation to three important stages of infection: (1) bacterial colonization (frequency or density); (2) induction of temperature-dependent toxins; (3) induction or control of inflammatory responses. In this article, we review the interactions among risk factors for SIDS for their effects on induction or control of inflammatory responses. The risk factors studied are genetic factors (sex, cytokine gene polymorphisms among ethnic groups at high or low risk of SIDS); developmental stage (changes in cortisol and testosterone levels associated with 2- to 4-month age range); environmental factors (virus infection, exposure to cigarette smoke). These interactions help to explain differences in the incidences of SIDS observed between ethnic groups prior to public health campaigns to reduce these infant deaths.
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Nova |
2015 |
Burns C, Hall ST, Smith R, Blackwell C, 'Cytokine levels in late pregnancy: Are female infants better protected against inflammation?', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we exa... [more]
Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we examined matched samples of term maternal blood, cord blood, and amniotic fluid obtained from 24 elective cesarean deliveries for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines thought to be important in maintaining a balanced response leading to successful pregnancy outcome. These included interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interferon-¿ (IFN-¿), IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Amniotic fluid levels for each of the cytokines examined were significantly higher than those for cord blood or maternal plasma. While pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in amniotic fluid associated with male fetuses compared with females, the major significant difference was higher levels of IL-1ra in amniotic fluid associated with female fetuses. Our study supports similar findings for cytokines during mid-trimester, which noted that amniotic fluid levels were higher than those in maternal blood. Our study suggests that maternal decidua secretes additional IL-ra in the presence of a female conceptus which improves the likelihood of a good outcome compared to pregnancies with male fetuses.
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Nova |
2015 |
Blackwell C, 'The role of infection and inflammation in stillbirths: parallels with SIDS?', FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY, 6 (2015) [C1]
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Nova |
2015 |
Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Gleeson M, Scott RJ, Hall ST, et al., 'Virus infections and sudden death in infancy: The role of interferon- ', Frontiers in Immunology, 6 (2015) [C1]
Respiratory infections have been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). As interferon-¿ (IFN-¿) is a major response to virus infection, we examined (1) the frequency o... [more]
Respiratory infections have been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). As interferon-¿ (IFN-¿) is a major response to virus infection, we examined (1) the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), IFNG T + 874A, in SIDS infants, their parents, and ethnic groups with different incidences of SIDS; (2) model systems with a monocytic cell line (THP-1) and human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) for effects of levels of IFN-¿ on inflammatory responses to bacterial antigens identified in SIDS; (3) interactions between genetic and environmental factors on IFN-¿ responses. IFNG T + 874A genotypes were determined for SIDS infants from three countries; families who had a SIDS death; populations with high (Indigenous Australian), medium (Caucasian), and low (Bangladeshi) SIDS incidences. The effect of IFN-¿ on cytokine responses to endotoxin was examined in model systems with THP-1 cells and human PBMC. The IFN-¿ responses to endotoxin and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) were assessed in relation to genotype, gender, and reported smoking. There was a marginal association with IFNG T + 874A genotype and SIDS (p = 0.06). Indigenous Australians had significantly higher proportions of the IFNG T + 874A SNP (TT) associated with high responses of IFN-¿. THP-1 cells showed a dose dependent effect of IFN-¿ on cytokine responses to endotoxin. For PBMC, IFN-¿ enhanced interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a responses but reduced IL-8 and IL-10 responses. Active smoking had a suppressive effect on baseline levels of IFN-¿. There was no effect of gender or genotype on IFN-¿ responses to bacterial antigens tested; however, significant differences were observed between genotypes in relation to smoking. The results indicate virus infections contribute to dysregulation of cytokine responses to bacterial antigens and studies on physiological effects of genetic factors must include controls for recent or concurrent infection and exposure to cigarette smoke.
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Nova |
2014 |
Rae KM, Weatherall L, Blackwell CC, Pringle K, Smith R, Lumbers E, 'Long conversations: Gomeroi gaaynggal tackles renal disease in the Indigenous community', Australasian Epidemiologist, 21 44-48 (2014) [C2]
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Nova |
2014 |
Moscovis SM, Hall ST, Burns CJ, Scott RJ, Blackwell CC, 'The male excess in sudden infant deaths', INNATE IMMUNITY, 20 24-29 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2014 |
Ashhurst-Smith C, Hall ST, Burns CJ, Stuart J, Blackwell CC, 'Induction of inflammatory responses from THP-1 cells by cell-free filtrates from clinical isolates of Alloiococcus otitidis', INNATE IMMUNITY, 20 283-289 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2014 |
Ashhurst-Smith C, Hall ST, Burns CJ, Stuart J, Blackwell CC, 'Invitro inflammatory responses elicited by isolates of Alloiococcus otitidis obtained from children with otitis media with effusion', INNATE IMMUNITY, 20 320-326 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2014 |
Moscovis S, Hall S, Burns C, Scott R, Blackwell C, 'Development of an experimental model for assessing the effects of cigarette smoke and virus infections on inflammatory responses to bacterial antigens', Innate Immunity, 20 647-658 (2014) [C1]
Interactions among major risk factors associated with bacterial infections were assessed in a model system using surrogates for virus infection; IFN-g, and exposure to cigarette s... [more]
Interactions among major risk factors associated with bacterial infections were assessed in a model system using surrogates for virus infection; IFN-g, and exposure to cigarette smoke; cigarette smoke extract (CSE), nicotine and cotinine. Cytokine responses elicited by LPS from THP-1 cells in the presence of these components, or combinations of components, were assessed by multiplex bead assay, i.e. IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-a and IFN-¿. IFN-¿-priming significantly increased pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. CSE suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, TNF-a and IFN-¿, but enhanced production of IL-8. Nicotine and cotinine suppressed all cytokine responses. In combination, IFN-¿ masked the inhibitory effects of CSE. In relation to the objectives of the study, we concluded that (a) IFN¿ at biologically relevant concentrations significantly enhanced pro-inflammatory responses; (b) CSE, nicotine and cotinine dysregulated the inflammatory response and that the effects of CSE were different from those of the individual components, nicotine and cotinine; (c) when both IFN-¿ and CSE were present, IFN-¿ masked the effect of CSE. There is a need for clinical investigations on the increase in IL-8 responses in relation to exposure to cigarette smoke and increased pro-inflammatory responses in relation to recent viral infection. © 2013 The Author(s).
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Nova |
2014 |
Cox AJ, Moscovis SM, Blackwell CC, Scott RJ, 'Cytokine gene polymorphism among Indigenous Australians.', Innate Immun, 20 431-439 (2014) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Titmarsh CJ, Moscovis SM, Hall S, Tzanakaki G, Kesanopoulos K, Xirogianni A, et al., 'Comparison of cytokine gene polymorphisms among Greek patients with invasive meningococcal disease or viral meningitis', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 62 694-700 (2013) [C1]
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Nova |
2013 |
Rae K, Weatherall L, Hollebone K, Apen K, McLean M, Blackwell C, et al., 'Developing research in partnership with Aboriginal communities - strategies for improving recruitment and retention', RURAL AND REMOTE HEALTH, 13 (2013) [C2]
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Nova |
2012 |
Ashhurst-Smith CIJ, Hall ST, Stuart J, Burns CJ, Liet E, Walker PJ, et al., 'Alloiococcus otitidis: An emerging pathogen in otitis media', Journal of Infection, 64 233-235 (2012) [C1]
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Nova |
2009 |
Sakou I-I, Tzanakaki G, Tsolia MN, Sioumala M, Barbouni A, Kyprianou M, et al., 'Investigation of serum bactericidal activity in childhood and adolescence 3-6 years after vaccination with a single dose of serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine', Vaccine, 27 4408-4411 (2009) [C1]
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Nova |
2008 |
Blackwell CC, 'Bacterial toxins and sudden unexpected death in infancy', The Lancet, 372 714 (2008) [C3]
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Nova |
2007 |
Ashhurst-Smith CIJ, Hall ST, Walker PJ, Stuart JE, Hansbro PM, Blackwell CC, 'Isolation of Alloiococcus otitidis from Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children with chronic otitis media with effusion', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 51 163-170 (2007) [C1]
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2006 |
Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Gleeson M, Scott R, Roberts-Thomson JM, et al., 'IL6 G-174C Associated With Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in a Caucasian Australian Cohort', Human Immunology, 67 819-825 (2006) [C1]
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2006 |
Tzankaki G, Markou F, Kesanopoulos K, Levidiotou S, Pangalis A, Tsolia MR, et al., 'Phenotypic assessment of Neisseria meningitidis isolates obtained from patients with invasive meningococcal disease in Greece, 1993-2003: Implications for serogroup B vaccines based on PorA serosubtype antigens', Vaccine, 24 819-825 (2006) [C1]
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2005 |
Blackwell CC, Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Hall S, Gleeson M, et al., 'Cytokine responses and sudden infant death: genetic, developmental, and environmental risk factors', Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 78 1242-1254 (2005) [C1]
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2005 |
Kesanopoulos K, Tzanakaki G, Levidiotou S, Blackwell CC, Kremastinou J, 'Evaluation of touch-down real-time PCR based on SYBR Green I fluorescent dye for the detection of Neisseria meningitidis in clinical samples', Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 43 419-424 (2005) [C1]
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Nova |
2004 |
Fischbacher C, Blackwell CC, Bhopal R, Ingram R, Unwin N, White M, 'Serological evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in UK South Asian and European populations: implications for gastric cancer and coronary heart disease', Journal of Infection, 48 168-174 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Braun JM, Beuth J, Blackwell CC, Giersen S, Higgins PG, Tzanakaki G, et al., 'Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria lactamica and Moraxella catarrhalis share cross-reactive carboydrate antigens', Vaccine, - 898-908 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Gleeson M, Scott R, Roberts-Thomson JM, et al., 'Interleukin-10 and sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 42 130-138 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Hall ST, Gleeson M, Scott R, Roberts-Thomson JM, et al., 'Interleukin 1-b responses to bacterial toxins and sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 42 139-145 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Blackwell CC, Moscovis SM, Gordon AE, Al Madani OM, Hall ST, Gleeson M, et al., 'Ethnicity, infection and sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 42 53-65 (2004) [C1]
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2004 |
Blackwell CC, 'Infection, inflammation and SIDS', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 42 1-2 (2004) [C3]
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2003 |
Braun JM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Beuth J, 'Cytokine release of whole blood from adult female donors challenged with mistletoe lectin-1 standardised mistletoe extract and E. coli endotoxin or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)', Anticancer Research, 23 1349-1352 (2003)
Cytokine (TNFa, interleukin-6) release of whole blood from healthy donors was challanged with mistletoe extract standardised for mistletoe lectin-1 (sML) and control substances (E... [more]
Cytokine (TNFa, interleukin-6) release of whole blood from healthy donors was challanged with mistletoe extract standardised for mistletoe lectin-1 (sML) and control substances (E. coli endotoxin; phytohaemagglutinin). The rationale of this investigation was non-proven warnings that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce by the application of standardised mistletoe lectins may induce tumor cell proliferation. These investigations provided evidence that non-cytotoxic concentrations of sML did not induced enhanced TNFa or interleukin-6 secretion compared to non-challenged control cells. Cytotoxic concentrations of sML, however, induced significantly higher cytokine levels than the control, obviously due to non-physiological stimuli. Immunomodulation with clinically relevant, low-dose sML incubation did not induce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in vitro.
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2003 |
El Ahmer OR, Braun M, Amyes SGB, Weir DM, Beuth J, Blackwell CC, 'Comparison of Moraxella catarrhalis isolates from children and adults for growth on modified New York City medium and potential virulence factors', Journal of Medical Microbiology, 52 853-859 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
El Ahmer OR, Braun JM, Amyes SGB, Weir DM, Beuth J, Blackwell CC, 'Comparison of Moraxella catarrhalis isolates from children and adults for growth on modified New York City medium and potential virulence factors.', Journal of medical microbiology, 52 853-859 (2003)
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2003 |
Braun JM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Beuth J, 'Cytokine release of whole blood from adult female donors challenged with mistletoe lectin-1 standardised mistletoe extract and E-coli endotoxin or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)', ANTICANCER RESEARCH, 23 1349-1352 (2003)
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2003 |
Tzanakaki G, Tsolia M, Vlachou V, Theodoridou M, Pangalis A, Foustoukou M, et al., 'Evaluation of non-culture diagnosis of invasive meningococcal disease by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 39 31-36 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Levidiotou S, Markou F, Themeli E, Voyiatzi A, et al., 'Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica in northern Greece', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 39 23-29 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Tsolia MN, Theodoridou M, Tzanakaki G, Kalabalikis P, Urani E, Mostrou G, et al., 'The evolving epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease: a two year prospective, population-based study in children in the area of Athens', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 36 87-94 (2003) [C1]
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2003 |
Blackwell CC, Busuttil A, Weir DM, 'Risk factors for cot death increase danger from infection', BMJ, 326 222 (2003) [C3]
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2003 |
Fischbacher CM, Bhopal R, Blackwell CC, Ingram R, Unwin NC, White M, Alberti KGMM, 'IgG is higher in South Asians than Europeans: Does infection contribute to ethnic variation in cardiovascular disease?', ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY, 23 703-704 (2003)
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2002 |
Blackwell CC, Dundas S, James VS, Mackenzie DAC, Braun JM, Alkout AM, et al., 'Blood group and susceptibility to disease caused by Escherichia coli O157', JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 185 393-396 (2002)
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2002 |
Gordon AE, El Ahmer OR, Chan R, Al Madani OM, Braun JM, Weir DM, et al., 'Why is smoking a risk factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?', CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 28 23-25 (2002)
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Nova |
2002 |
Gordon AE, MacKenzie DAC, El Ahmer OR, Al Madani OM, Braun JM, Weir DM, et al., 'Evidence for a genetic component in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome', CHILD CARE HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, 28 27-29 (2002)
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2002 |
Blackwell CC, Gordon AE, James VS, MacKenzie DAC, Mogensen-Buchanan M, El Ahmer OR, et al., 'The role of bacterial toxins in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 291 561-570 (2002)
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2001 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'The need for further evidence for the proposed role of Helicobacter pylori in SIDS', ARCHIVES OF DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD, 84 528-529 (2001)
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2001 |
Tzanakaki G, Urwin R, Musilek M, Kriz P, Kremastinou J, Pangalis A, et al., 'Phenotypic and genotypic approaches to characterization of isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from patients and their close family contacts', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 39 1235-1240 (2001)
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2001 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'The need for further evidence for the proposed role of Helicobacter pylori in SIDS.', Archives of disease in childhood, 84 525 (2001)
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2001 |
Braun JM, Ko HL, Schierholz JM, Weir D, Blackwell CC, Beuth J, 'Application of standardized mistletoe extracts augment immune response and down regulates metastatic organ colonization in murine models', CANCER LETTERS, 170 25-31 (2001)
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Nova |
2001 |
Raza MW, Bint AT, Blackwell CC, 'Role of infection and cytokines in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 12 109-119 (2001)
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2001 |
Blackwell CC, Gordon AE, James VS, Mackenzie DAC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Making sense of the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): infection and inflammation', REVIEWS IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 12 219-229 (2001)
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2000 |
Alkout AM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, 'Increased inflammatory responses of persons of blood group O to Helicobacter pylori', JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 181 1364-1369 (2000)
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2000 |
Raza MW, Blackwell CC, Elton RA, Weir DM, 'Bactericidal activity of a monocytic cell line (THP-1) against common respiratory tract bacterial pathogens is depressed after infection with respiratory syncytial virus', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 49 227-233 (2000)
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2000 |
Gordon AE, MacKenzie DAC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, Blackwell CC, 'Genetic control of inflammatory responses in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)', JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY, 190 59A-59A (2000) |
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2000 |
Alkout AM, Ramsay EJ, Mackenzie DAC, Weir DM, Bentley AJ, Elton RA, et al., 'Quantitative assessment of IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori and outcome of ischaemic heart disease', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 29 271-274 (2000)
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2000 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Infection, inflammation and sudden infant death syndrome', Ambulatory Child Health, 6 32-33 (2000)
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1999 |
Gordon AE, Al Madani O, Weir DM, Busuttil A, Blackwell C, 'Cortisol levels and control of inflammatory responses to toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1): the prevalence of night-time deaths in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 199-206 (1999)
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1999 |
Al Madani O, Gordon AE, Weir DM, Raza MW, Busuttil A, Blackwell C, 'Pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus in sudden unexpected nocturnal deaths in adults and older children: factors influencing the control of inflammatory responses to toxic shock syndrome toxins', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 207-219 (1999)
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1999 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Velonakis E, Voyiatzi A, Nickolaou A, Elton RA, et al., 'Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica among ethnic Greek school children from Russian immigrant families in Athens', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 23 13-20 (1999)
During February and March 1995, a survey of meningococcal carriage in 625 school children was carried out in a suburb of Athens in which there was a large number of ethnic Greeks ... [more]
During February and March 1995, a survey of meningococcal carriage in 625 school children was carried out in a suburb of Athens in which there was a large number of ethnic Greeks who had immigrated from Russia beginning in the early 1990s. The objectives of the study were: (1) to determine if factors associated with carriage of meningococci observed in a previous study of Greek school children were similar for the immigrant population; (2) to compare phenotypic characteristics of meningococci from the immigrant population with those isolated from children in Athens. Overall isolation rate for meningococci was 82/625 (13.1%), significantly higher than that found for school children in Athens (5.8%) during the winter of 1990-1991 (5.8%) (¿2=25.98, P=0.0000003). By univariate analysis, carriage was not associated with sex, number of individuals per household, blood group, secretor status, socioeconomic level or maternal smoking; however, it was associated with fathers' smoking. The high proportion of men who smoked compared with the low proportion of women smokers might contribute to this finding. The main serogroup of meningococci isolated from this population was A (28%). While serogroup A appears to be more prevalent among Russian and Kurdish immigrants (14%) than among Greek school children or military recruits (4%), there has not been an increase in group A meningococcal disease in Greece. The isolation rate for N. lactamica was high 105/625 (17.3%). A few of these strains bound some of the monoclonal antibodies used for meningococcal serotyping and subtyping, and they are being examined in greater detail. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Raza MW, Essery SD, Elton RA, Weir DM, Busuttil A, Blackwell C, 'Exposure to cigarette smoke, a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome: Effects of cigarette smoke on inflammatory responses to viral infection and bacterial toxins', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 25 145-154 (1999)
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome and also for respiratory infections in children. It has been suggested that toxigenic bacteria ... [more]
Exposure to cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome and also for respiratory infections in children. It has been suggested that toxigenic bacteria colonizing the respiratory tract might play a role in some cases of sudden infant death syndrome and nicotine has been demonstrated to enhance the lethality of bacterial toxins in a model system. Pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus have been identified in tissues of infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome. It has been suggested that some of these deaths were due to induction of inflammatory mediators by infectious agents during a period when infants are less able to control these responses. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a water-soluble cigarette smoke extract on the production of tumor necrosis factor a and nitric oxide from human monocytes in response to staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 or infection of the monocytes with respiratory syncytial virus. Cell culture supernatants were examined by a bioassay using mouse fibroblasts (L-929 cell line) for tumor necrosis factor a activity and by a spectrophotometric method for nitrite. Compared with monocytes incubated with medium only, monocytes incubated with any of the factors or their combinations tested in the study released higher levels of tumor necrosis factor a and lower levels of nitric oxide. Incubation with cigarette smoke extract increased tumor necrosis factor a from respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells while it decreased tumor necrosis factor a from cells incubated with toxic shock syndrome toxin. Incubation with cigarette smoke extract decreased the nitric oxide production from respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells while it increased the nitric oxide production from cells incubated with toxic shock syndrome toxin. Monocytes from a minority of individuals demonstrated extreme tumor necrosis factor a responses and/or very high or very low nitric oxide. The proportion of samples in which extreme responses with a very high tumor necrosis factor a and very low nitric oxide were detected was increased in the presence of the three agents to 20% compared with 0% observed with toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 or 4% observed with cigarette smoke extract or respiratory syncytial virus. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Essery SD, Raza MW, Zorgani A, MacKenzie DAC, James VS, Weir DM, et al., 'The protective effect of immunisation against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) in relation to sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 25 183-192 (1999)
Epidemiological evidence indicates infants immunised against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) are at decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Asymptomatic who... [more]
Epidemiological evidence indicates infants immunised against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT) are at decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Asymptomatic whooping cough and pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus have been implicated in the aetiology of SIDS. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine if the DPT vaccine induced antibodies cross-reactive with the staphylococcal toxins; (2) to determine if antibodies to the pertussis toxin (PT) and the staphylococcal toxins were present in the sera of women during late pregnancy; (3) to examine the effects of infant immunisation on levels of antibodies to PT and the staphylococcal toxins; (4) to assess the effects of changes in immunisation schedules in the UK on the incidence and age distribution of SIDS. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to measure binding of rabbit or human IgG to the DPT vaccine, PT, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA), B (SEB) and C (SEC). Neutralisation activity of anti-DPT serum was assessed by a bioassay for induction of nitric oxide from human monocytes by the staphylococcal toxins. Anti-DPT serum bound to the DPT vaccine, PT and each of the staphylococcal toxins. It also reduced the ability of the four toxins to induce nitric oxide from monocytes. In pregnant women, levels of IgG to PT, SEC and TSST-1 decreased significantly in relation to increasing weeks of gestation while antibodies to SEA and SEB increased. In infants' sera there were significant correlations between levels of IgG bound to DPT and IgG bound to PT, TSST-1 and SEC but not SEA or SEB. Antibody levels to the toxins in infants declined with age; sera from infants =2 months of age had higher levels of IgG bound to the toxins than those older than 2 months. This pattern was observed for infants whose immunisation schedules began at 2 months of age or 3 months of age. The decrease in IgG bound to the toxins was, however, less for those immunised at 2 months. The decrease in SIDS deaths after the change in immunisation schedules was greatest in the 4-6-month age range. While DPT immunisation might prevent some unexplained infant deaths due to asymptomatic whooping cough, these data indicate that immunisation with DPT also induces antibodies cross-reactive with pyrogenic staphylococcal toxins implicated in many cases of SIDS. Passive immunisation of infants who have low levels of these antibodies might reduce further the numbers of these infant deaths. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Infection, inflammation and sleep: more pieces to the puzzle of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)', APMIS, 107 455-473 (1999)
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1999 |
El Ahmer OR, Essery SD, Saadi AT, Raza MW, Ogilvie MM, Weir DM, Blackwell CC, 'The effect of cigarette smoke on adherence of respiratory pathogens to buccal epithelial cells', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 23 27-36 (1999)
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1999 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Kansouzidou A, Pagalis A, Danielides V, Kouppari G, et al., 'Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 23 49-55 (1999)
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1999 |
Raza MW, El Ahmer OR, Ogilvie MM, Blackwell CC, Saadi AT, Elton RA, Weir DM, 'Infection with respiratory syncytial virus enhances expression of native receptors for non-pilate Neisseria meningitidis on HEp-2 cells', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 23 115-124 (1999)
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1999 |
El Ahmer OR, Raza MW, Ogilvie MM, Weir DM, Blackwell CC, 'Binding of bacteria to HEp-2 cells infected with influenza A virus', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 23 331-341 (1999)
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1999 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Pagalis A, Theodondou M, Weir DM, Blackwell CC, 'Detection of IgG and IgM to meningococcal outer membrane proteins in relation to carriage of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria lactamica', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24 73-78 (1999)
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1999 |
Raza MW, Essery SD, Weir DM, Ogilvie MM, Elton RA, Blackwell CC, 'Infection with respiratory syncytial virus and water-soluble components of cigarette smoke alter production of tumour necrosis factor alpha and nitric oxide by human blood monocytes', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24 387-394 (1999)
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1999 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, 'The role of infection in sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 1-6 (1999)
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1999 |
Blackwell CC, MacKenzie DAC, James VS, Elton RA, Zorgani AA, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Toxigenic bacteria and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): nasopharyngeal flora during the first year of life', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 51-58 (1999)
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1999 |
Raza MW, Blackwell CC, 'Sudden infant death syndrome, virus infections and cytokines', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 85-96 (1999)
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1999 |
Zorgani A, Essery SD, Al Madani O, Bentley AJ, James VS, MacKenzie DAC, et al., 'Detection of pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus in sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 103-108 (1999)
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1999 |
Molony N, Blackwell CC, Busuttil A, 'The effect of prone posture on nasal temperature in children in relation to induction of staphylococcal toxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 109-113 (1999)
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1999 |
Saadi AT, Gordon AE, MacKenzie DAC, James VS, Elton RA, Weir DM, et al., 'The protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). I. The effect of human milk and infant formula preparations on binding of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus to epithelial cells', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 155-165 (1999)
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Nova |
1999 |
Gordon AE, Saadi AT, MacKenzie DAG, James VS, Elton RA, Weir DM, et al., 'The protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). II. The effect of human milk and infant formula preparations on binding of Clostridium perfringens to epithelial cells', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 167-173 (1999)
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1999 |
Gordon AE, Saadi AT, MacKenzie DAC, Molony N, James VS, Weir DM, et al., 'The protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): III. Detection of IgA antibodies in human milk that bind to bacterial toxins implicated in SIDS', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 25 175-182 (1999)
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1999 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Pagalis A, Theodondou M, Weir DM, Blackwell CC, 'Detection of IgG and IgM to meningococcal outer membrane proteins in relation to carriage of Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria lactamica', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 24 73-78 (1999)
Carriage of non-serogroupable Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria lactamica induces antibodies protective against meningococcal disease. Antibodies directed against outer membrane... [more]
Carriage of non-serogroupable Neisseria meningitidis or Neisseria lactamica induces antibodies protective against meningococcal disease. Antibodies directed against outer membrane proteins are bactericidal and the serotype and subtype outer membrane protein antigens are being examined for their value as vaccine candidates for serogroup B disease. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of carriage of these two Neisseria species among children and young adults on induction of antibodies to outer membrane components from strains causing disease in Greece. Among 53 patients with meningococcal disease, IgG or IgM antibodies were detected by ELISA in 9 of 13 (69%) from whom the bacteria were isolated and 27 of 40 (67%) who were culture-negative. For military recruits (n=604), the proportion of carriers of meningococci with IgM or IgG to outer membrane proteins was higher than non-carriers, P<0.05 and P=0.000000, respectively. Among school children (n=319), the proportion with IgM or IgG to outer membrane proteins for carriers of meningococci was higher compared with non-carriers, P=0.000000 and P=0000043, respectively. Carriage of N. lactamica was not associated with the presence of either IgM or IgG to the outer membrane proteins in the children. The higher proportion of children (50%) with IgM to outer membrane proteins compared with recruits (10%) might reflect more recent exposure and primary immune responses to the bacteria. The lack of association between antibodies to outer membrane proteins and carriage of N. lactamica could reflect observations that the majority of N. lactamica isolates from Greece and other countries do not react with monoclonal typing reagents. Bactericidal antibodies to meningococci associated with high levels of IgG to N. lactamica were found in a previous study; these are thought to be directed to antigens other than outer membrane proteins or capsules and imply antigens such as lipo-oligosaccharide are involved in induction of antibodies cross-reactive with meningococci. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Zorgani A, Essery SD, Al Madani O, Bentley AJ, James VS, MacKenzie DAC, et al., 'Detection of pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus in sudden infant death syndrome', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 25 103-108 (1999)
It has been suggested that pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are involved in the series of events leading to some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The objecti... [more]
It has been suggested that pyrogenic toxins of Staphylococcus aureus are involved in the series of events leading to some cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The objectives of the study were to screen tissues from SIDS infants for pyrogenic toxins and to compare incidence of identification of these toxins among these infants from different countries. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a flow cytometry method were used to screen body fluids and frozen or formalin-fixed tissues for pyrogenic toxins of S. aureus, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST), staphylococcal enterotoxins A (SEA), B (SEB), and C1 (SEC). Toxins were identified in tissues of 33/62 (53%) SIDS infants from three different countries: Scotland (10/19, 56%); France (7/13, 55%); Australia (16/30, 53%). In the Australian series, toxins were identified in only 3/19 (16%) non-SIDS deaths (¿2=5.42, P<0.02). The flow cytometry method was useful for toxin detection in both frozen and fixed tissues, but ELISA was suitable only for frozen tissues or those fixed for less than 12 months. Identification of pyrogenic toxins in >50% of SIDS infants from three different countries indicated further investigation into the role the toxins play in cot deaths might result in development of additional measures to reduce further the incidence of these infant deaths. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Kansouzidou A, Pagalis A, Danielides V, Kouppari G, et al., 'Recent emergence of serogroup C meningococcal disease in Greece', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 23 49-55 (1999)
The number of cases of meningococcal disease reported to the Meningitis Reference Laboratory in Athens rose dramatically in 1996-1997. The aims were (1) to determine if the increa... [more]
The number of cases of meningococcal disease reported to the Meningitis Reference Laboratory in Athens rose dramatically in 1996-1997. The aims were (1) to determine if the increase was due to introduction of new strains, (2) to assess the geographic and age distribution of the cases, (3) to compare antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the current isolates with strains from the early 1990s. In 1993-1994, 15/19 (74%) of the cases for which information on age was available were in children =5 years; in 1995-1997, 80/179 (45%) of cases were in children =5 years and 99 (55%) in the older age range (P<0.02). From 593 cases in 1993-1997, 214 (36%) isolates were available for characterisation. Serogroup B was predominant in the early 1990s, but by 1997, serogroup C accounted for 46/72 (64%) of isolates and serogroup B for 25/72 (35%). Serogroup B was predominant in children =5 years (44/78, 56%) but only 19/99 (18%) of older children and adults (P=0.0000005). Sulfonamide resistance decreased from 10/22 (45%) in 1993-1994 to 27/192 (14%) in 1995-1997 (P<0.01). Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of 70 strains obtained during this period identified the epidemic ET-15 clone in 24 (34.3)%. The profiles of the Greek ET-15 isolates were identical to C:2a:P1.2(P1.5) strains responsible for the epidemic in the Czech Republic which began in 1993. This genotype was not found in Greek strains isolated prior to 1993. We conclude that the increase in meningococcal disease is due to introduction of the epidemic serogroup C:2a:P1.2(P1.5) strain responsible for disease in the Czech Republic and Canada. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1999 |
Saadi AT, Gordon AE, MacKenzie DAC, James VS, Elton RA, M Weir D, et al., 'The protective effect of breast feeding in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): I. The effect of human milk and infant formula preparations on binding of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus to epithelial cells', FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 25 155-165 (1999)
Epidemiological studies indicate that breast-fed infants are at a decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) compared to formula-fed infants. Increasing evidence sugges... [more]
Epidemiological studies indicate that breast-fed infants are at a decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) compared to formula-fed infants. Increasing evidence suggests that infectious agents might be involved in some of these deaths, in particular bacteria which colonise mucosal surfaces and produce superantigenic toxins. One species implicated in recent studies of SIDS infants is Staphylococcus aureus. We tested the hypothesis that in comparison to infant formula, human milk might be a better inhibitor of binding of S. aureus to epithelial cells. In this study, two protocols were used for the binding assays which were assessed by flow cytometry: the in vitro method in which bacteria were treated with milk or formula, washed and added to epithelial cells; and a method more closely reflecting the competitive interactions in vivo in which cells, bacteria, and milk or infant formula were added at the same time. With the in vivo method, breast milk caused enhancement of bacterial binding to cells whilst infant formula caused inhibition; however, for the in vitro method, both human milk and infant formula caused consistent enhancement of binding. Flow cytometry and light microscopy studies indicated that the enhancement was due to the formation of bacterial aggregates. Human milk and infant formula preparations were also compared for components (antibodies or oligosaccharides) that could inhibit binding of S. aureus using the in vitro method. Human milk contained both IgA and IgG. Neither human milk nor infant formula contained oligosaccharides reactive with the Ulex europaeus lectin but both contained components that bound monoclonal antibodies to Lewisa and Lewisb antigens which can act as receptors for S. aureus. With both methods, synthetic Lewisa and Lewisb inhibited S. aureus binding in a dose-dependent manner. With human milk, however, the only component which showed a significant correlation with inhibition of binding was the IgA specific for the staphylococcal surface component that binds Lewisa. Both human milk and infant formula contain components which could potentially inhibit bacterial binding but only breast milk contains the IgA specific for the bacterial adhesin that binds Lewisa. Studies using the in vivo method suggest that protection associated with breast feeding in relation to SIDS could be due mainly to the formation of bacterial aggregates. The studies have implications for further research into constituents of infant formula. Copyright (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies.
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1998 |
Kilpatrick DC, James VS, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Hallam NF, Busuttil A, 'Mannan binding lectin and the sudden infant death syndrome', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 97 135-138 (1998)
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1998 |
Busuttil A, James V, Mackenzie D, Zorgani A, Essery S, Madani O, et al., 'Pyrogenic staphylococcal toxins in cot deaths and sudden unexpected deaths in adults', International Congress and Symposium Series - Royal Society of Medicine, 19-21 (1998)
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1997 |
Alkout AM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Poxton IR, Elton RA, Luman W, Palmer K, 'Isolation of a cell surface component of Helicobacter pylori that binds H type 2, Lewis(a), and Lewis(b) antigens', GASTROENTEROLOGY, 112 1179-1187 (1997)
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Nova |
1997 |
Alkout AM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Luman W, Palmer K, 'Inflammatory response to Helicobacter pylori in relation to abo blood group', GUT, 41 A49-A49 (1997)
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1997 |
Smith GW, James V, Mackenzie DAC, Stewart J, Blackwell CC, Elton RA, Nuki G, 'Ankylosing spondylitis and secretor status: A re-evaluation', BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, 36 778-780 (1997)
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1997 |
Smith GW, Blackwell CC, Nuki G, 'Faecal flora in spondyloarthropathy', BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, 36 850-854 (1997)
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Nova |
1997 |
Bentley AJ, Zorgani AA, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Bacterial toxins and sudden unexpected death in a young child', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 88 141-146 (1997)
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1997 |
Tzanakaki G, Kriz P, Kremastinou J, Musilek M, Snart LE, Blackwell CC, 'Reactivity of the new monoclonal antibody '22' with meningococcal strains isolated from patients and carriers in Greece', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 19 1-5 (1997)
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1996 |
Blackwell CC, Saadi AT, Essery SD, Raza MW, Zorgani AA, Elahmer OR, et al., 'Adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus that bind Lewis(a) antigen - Relationship to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome', TOWARD ANTI-ADHESION THERAPY FOR MICROBIAL DISEASES, 408 95-105 (1996)
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1996 |
Elahmer OR, Raza MW, Ogilvie MM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Elton RA, 'The effect of respiratory virus infection on expression of cell surface antigens associated with binding of potentially pathogenic bacteria', TOWARD ANTI-ADHESION THERAPY FOR MICROBIAL DISEASES, 408 169-177 (1996)
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1996 |
Kremastinou J, Tzanakaki G, Karafoti PH, Elton RA, Weir DM, Blackwell CC, 'Distribution of ABO and Lewis blood groups in Greece', GENE GEOGRAPHY, 10 201-205 (1996)
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1996 |
Zorgani AA, James VS, Stewart J, Blackwell CC, Elton RA, Weir DM, 'Serum bactericidal activity in a secondary school population following an outbreak of meningococcal disease: Effects of carriage and secretor status', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 14 73-81 (1996)
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1996 |
Saadi AT, Blackwell CC, Essery SD, Raza MW, ElAhmer OR, MacKenzie DAC, et al., 'Developmental and environmental factors that enhance binding of Bordetella pertussis to human epithelial cells in relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 16 51-59 (1996)
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1996 |
Luman W, Alkout AM, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Palmer KR, 'Helicobacter pylori in the mouth - Negative isolation from dental plaque and saliva', EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY, 8 11-14 (1996)
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1996 |
Molony NC, Kerr AIG, Blackwell CC, Busuttil A, 'Is the nasopharynx warmer in children than in adults?', Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, 3 157-160 (1996)
Recent studies on the aetiology of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have suggested that some of these deaths are the consequence of an overwhelming inflammatory response to... [more]
Recent studies on the aetiology of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have suggested that some of these deaths are the consequence of an overwhelming inflammatory response to the production of pyrogenic toxins from bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract, particularly the nasopharynx. The pyrogenic toxins of Staphlococcus aureus, one of the likelier bacterial candidates, are only produced in temperatures of over 37°C. This study examined nasopharyngeal temperatures in children. It is a preliminary study to develop an accurate means to measure how close to 37°C the nasopharyngeal temperature lies in infants at the age when SIDS deaths occur. Following a pilot study and power calculation, measurements of nasopharyngeal temperature were made on 30 apyrexial children aged 4-10 years and 30 adults with no nasal pathology, undergoing surgery under general anaesthesia, using an accurately sited thermocouple probe. The mean temperature in children (35.64°C) was significantly higher than in adults (34.01°C). Comparable measurements attempted with the same subjects awake gave similar results.
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1995 |
ALY FZ, BLACKWELL CC, MACKENZIE DAC, WEIR DM, 'IDENTIFICATION OF ORAL YEAST SPECIES ISOLATED FROM INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES-MELLITUS', MYCOSES, 38 107-110 (1995)
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1995 |
Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Busuttil A, 'Infectious agents, the inflammatory responses of infants and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)', Molecular Medicine Today, 1 72-78 (1995)
There is no convincing epidemiological or pathological evidence that particular infectious events cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); therefore, we have explored the concep... [more]
There is no convincing epidemiological or pathological evidence that particular infectious events cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); therefore, we have explored the concept that ergy between bacterial endotoxins, exotoxins or viruses might elicit inflammatory responses during a period when the infant's do ine system is less able to 'damp down' cts of powerful mediators such as is factor or to maintain lu which is affected by these mediato his hypothesis is discussed with reference to the recent decline in the number of cot deaths. © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd.
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Nova |
1995 |
Haralambous S, Blackwell C, Mappouras DG, Weir DM, Kemmett D, Lymberi P, 'Increased natural autoantibody activity to cytoskeleton proteins in sera from patients with necrobiosis lipoidica, with or without insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus', Autoimmunity, 20 267-275 (1995)
Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL), a skin disease, is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Natural autoantibody (NAb) activity in sera from 16 patients suffering f... [more]
Necrobiosis lipoidica (NL), a skin disease, is associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Natural autoantibody (NAb) activity in sera from 16 patients suffering from NL, with or without IDDM, was compared to that in sera from 41 patients with IDDM and 43 healthy controls. Isotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to detect NAbs against actin, myosin, keratin, desmin, troponin, tropomyosin, thyroglobulin, insulin, single-stranded DNA and the hapten trinitrophenyl. NAb activity was significantly higher in sera from patients with NL (either with or without IDDM), compared with that detected in sera from patients with IDDM which was similar to that of healthy individuals. High proportion of NL sera exhibited increased IgG anti-tropomyosin (69% anti-troponin, anti-desmin and anti-keratin (50% each), anti-insulin (44% and anti-trinitrophenyl (31% activities, as well as increased IgA and IgM anti-keratin activities (26% and 31% respectively). The great majority (88% of positive sera were polyreactive and contained NAbs, polyspecific and monospecific (as demonstrated by immunoadsorption studies), belonging to more than one isotype; there was no predominant serological reactivity pattern. In conclusion, increased NAb activity to cytoskeleton proteins is associated with the dermatological disease NL and not to the overlapping autoimmune disease (IDDM). The origin and significance of these NAbs is discussed. © 1995 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
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1994 |
KREMASTINOU J, BLACKWELL C, TZANAKAKI G, KALLERGI C, ELTON R, WEIR D, 'PARENTAL SMOKING AND CARRIAGE OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS AMONG GREEK SCHOOLCHILDREN', SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES, 26 719-723 (1994)
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1994 |
ESSERY SD, SAADI AT, TWITE SJ, WEIR DM, BLACKWELL CC, BUSUTTIL A, 'LEWIS ANTIGEN EXPRESSION ON HUMAN MONOCYTES AND BINDING OF PYROGENIC TOXINS', AGENTS AND ACTIONS, 41 108-110 (1994)
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1994 |
SAADI AT, WEIR DM, POXTON IR, STEWART J, ESSERY SD, BLACKWELL CC, et al., 'ISOLATION OF AN ADHESIN FROM STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS THAT BINDS LEWIS(A) BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGEN AND ITS RELEVANCE TO SUDDEN-INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 8 315-320 (1994)
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1994 |
ESSERY SD, WEIR DM, JAMES VS, BLACKWELL CC, SAADI AT, BUSUTTIL A, TZANAKAKI G, 'DETECTION OF MICROBIAL SURFACE-ANTIGENS THAT BIND LEWIS(A) ANTIGEN', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 9 15-21 (1994)
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1994 |
BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, BUSUTTIL A, SAADI AT, ESSERY SD, RAZA MW, et al., 'THE ROLE OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN SUDDEN-INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 9 91-100 (1994)
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1994 |
ZORGANI AA, STEWART J, BLACKWELL CC, ELTON RA, WEIR DM, 'INHIBITORY EFFECT OF SALIVA FROM SECRETORS AND NONSECRETORS ON BINDING OF MENINGOCOCCI TO EPITHELIAL-CELLS', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 9 135-142 (1994)
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1994 |
RAZA MW, BLACKWELL CC, OGILVIE MM, SAADI AT, STEWART J, ELTON RA, WEIR DM, 'EVIDENCE FOR THE ROLE OF GLYCOPROTEIN-G OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS IN BINDING OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS TO HEP-2 CELLS', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 10 25-30 (1994)
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1994 |
BLACKWELL CC, BUSUTTIL A, WEIR DM, SAADI AT, ESSERY SD, 'SUDDEN UNEXPECTED NOCTURNAL DEATHS AMONG THAI IMMIGRANT WORKERS IN SINGAPORE - THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF TOXIGENIC BACTERIA', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE, 106 205-208 (1994)
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1993 |
BOLAND OM, BLACKWELL CC, CLARKE BF, EWING DJ, 'EFFECTS OF PONALRESTAT, AN ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR, ON NEUTROPHIL KILLING OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI AND AUTONOMIC FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES-MELLITUS', DIABETES, 42 336-340 (1993)
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Nova |
1993 |
TZANAKAKI G, BLACKWELL CC, KREMASTINOU J, WEIR DM, MENTIS A, FALLON RJ, 'SEROGROUPS, SEROTYPES AND SUBTYPES OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS AND CARRIERS IN GREECE', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 38 19-22 (1993)
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1993 |
BUSUTTIL A, BLACKWELL CC, JAMES VS, MACKENZIE DAC, SAADI AT, WEIR DM, 'ASSESSMENT OF LEWIS BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS AND SECRETOR STATUS IN AUTOPSY SPECIMENS', FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 61 133-140 (1993)
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1993 |
KAKLAMANI E, KARALIS D, KOUMANDAKI Y, KAKLAMANIS P, KATSOUYANNI E, TZANETEA R, et al., 'THE EFFECT OF MYCOPLASMA-ARTHRITIDIS INFECTION ON THE KINETICS OF COLLOIDAL CARBON CLEARANCE IN MICE', FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 6 299-306 (1993)
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Nova |
1993 |
BLACKWELL CC, SAADI AT, RAZA MW, WEIR DM, BUSUTTIL A, 'THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF BACTERIAL TOXINS IN SUDDEN-INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME (SIDS)', INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEGAL MEDICINE, 105 333-338 (1993)
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1993 |
RAZA MW, OGILVIE MM, BLACKWELL CC, STEWART J, ELTON RA, WEIR DM, 'EFFECT OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTION ON BINDING OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS AND HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE TYPE-B TO A HUMAN EPITHELIAL-CELL LINE (HEP-2)', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 110 339-347 (1993)
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1993 |
SAADI AT, BLACKWELL CC, RAZA MW, JAMES VS, STEWART J, ELTON RA, WEIR DM, 'FACTORS ENHANCING ADHERENCE OF TOXIGENIC STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS TO EPITHELIAL-CELLS AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN SUDDEN-INFANT-DEATH-SYNDROME', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 110 507-517 (1993)
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1992 |
BLACKWELL CC, SAADI AT, RAZA MW, STEWART J, WEIR DM, 'SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION IN RELATION TO SIDS', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY, 45 20-24 (1992)
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Nova |
1992 |
Blackwell CC, Saadi AT, Raza MW, Stewart J, Weir DM, 'Susceptibility to infection in relation to SIDS', Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45 20-24 (1992)
Because there is little evidence that invasive bacterial diseases contribute to cot deaths, most studies on infectious causes of SIDS have focused on viruses or toxin producing ba... [more]
Because there is little evidence that invasive bacterial diseases contribute to cot deaths, most studies on infectious causes of SIDS have focused on viruses or toxin producing bacteria. Although epidemiological studies found marginally significant associations between influenza virus and SIDS, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was isolated from 90% of older infants with SIDS. There are conflicting reports that some toxigenic bacteria (Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) might be implicated in cot deaths. S aureus are common micro-organisms and their toxins are very powerful. As the pyrogenic toxic shock syndrome toxin of S aureus can kill a previously healthy adult, it might easily kill a small infant. Based on our studies on susceptibility of infants to other infections, we suggest the following might be factors leading to colonisation of infants by toxin producing S aureus: - The Lewisa blood group antigen appears to act as a receptor for some micro-organisms. Epithelial cells expressing high concentrations of Lewisa bound appreciably more toxin producing S aureus than cells expressing low concentrations of the antigen. - Lewisa is expressed in secretions of nearly 90% of infants aged 3 months, the peak age for SIDS. - RSV infects about 50% of infants by the first year of life and it is often isolated from infants with SIDS. Studies in our laboratory indicate that RSV infected HEp-2 cells bind more toxin producing S aureus than uninfected controls.
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1992 |
Blackwell CC, Saadi AT, Raza MW, Stewart J, Weir DM, 'Susceptibility to infection in relation to SIDS.', Journal of clinical pathology, 45 20-24 (1992) |
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1992 |
BLACKWELL CC, TZANAKAKI G, KREMASTINOU J, WEIR DM, VAKALIS N, ELTON RA, et al., 'FACTORS AFFECTING CARRIAGE OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS AMONG GREEK MILITARY RECRUITS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 108 441-448 (1992)
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1992 |
TZANAKAKI G, BLACKWELL CC, KREMASTINOU J, KALLERGI C, KOUPPARI G, WEIR DM, 'ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITIES OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS AND CARRIERS IN GREECE', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 108 449-455 (1992)
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1992 |
ZORGANI AA, STEWART J, BLACKWELL CC, ELTON RA, WEIR DM, 'SECRETOR STATUS AND HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES TO NEISSERIA-LACTAMICA AND NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 109 445-452 (1992)
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1992 |
ALY FZ, BLACKWELL CC, MACKENZIE DAC, WEIR DM, CLARKE BF, 'FACTORS INFLUENCING ORAL CARRIAGE OF YEASTS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES-MELLITUS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 109 507-518 (1992)
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1991 |
Tzouvelekis LS, Mentis AF, Makris AM, Spiliadis C, Blackwell C, Weir DM, 'In vitro binding of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucin', Infection and Immunity, 59 4252-4254 (1991)
The in vitro binding of four Helicobacter pylori strains to human gastric mucin was studied with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All four strains were found to bind to purif... [more]
The in vitro binding of four Helicobacter pylori strains to human gastric mucin was studied with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All four strains were found to bind to purified mucin. Neuraminidase treatment and nonspecific oxidation of mucin decreased bacterial adherence to the macromolecule. Mucin preparations were also found to inhibit attachment of H. pylori to HEp-2 monolayers.
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1991 |
KAKLAMANI E, KARALIS D, KAKLAMANIS P, KOUMANDAKI Y, KATSOUYANNI K, BLACKWELL C, et al., 'THE EFFECT OF MYCOPLASMA-ARTHRITIDIS INFECTION ON THE PHAGOCYTIC-ACTIVITY OF MACROPHAGES IN RATS AND MICE', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY, 76 151-158 (1991)
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1991 |
Smith G, James V, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, Nuki G, 'Ankylosing spondylitis and secretor status - a reappraisal', Rheumatology (United Kingdom), 30 4 (1991)
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1991 |
KAKLAMANI E, KOUMANTAKI Y, KARALIS D, ROMMAIN M, SMETS P, KAKLAMANIS P, et al., 'KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE GLYCOPROTEIN RU-41740 ENHANCES RESISTANCE OF MICE AGAINST MYCOPLASMA-ARTHRITIDIS-INDUCED ARTHRITIS', FEMS MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY, 76 205-210 (1991)
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1991 |
MENTIS A, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, SPILIADIS C, DAILIANAS A, SKANDALIS N, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP, SECRETOR STATUS AND DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER-PYLORI AMONG PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC OR DUODENAL-ULCERS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 106 221-229 (1991)
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1991 |
ALY FZ, BLACKWELL CC, MACKENZIE DAC, WEIR DM, ELTON RA, CUMMING CG, et al., 'CHRONIC ATROPHIC ORAL CANDIDIASIS AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES-MELLITUS - ROLE OF SECRETOR STATUS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 106 355-363 (1991)
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1991 |
RAZA MW, BLACKWELL CC, MOLYNEAUX P, JAMES VS, OGILVIE MM, INGLIS JM, WEIR DM, 'ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SECRETOR STATUS AND RESPIRATORY VIRAL ILLNESS', BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 303 815-818 (1991)
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1991 |
BLACKWELL CC, JAMES VS, DAVIDSON S, WYLD R, BRETTLE RP, ROBERTSON RJ, WEIR DM, 'SECRETOR STATUS AND HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 303 825-826 (1991)
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1990 |
Mentis A, Tzouvelekis L, Spiliadis C, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, 'Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori haemogglutination activity by human salivary mucins', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 64 125-127 (1990)
Thirty isolates of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies agglutinated human erthyrocyte suspensions. Crude mucin preparation derived from saliva of 20 different donors were ex... [more]
Thirty isolates of Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies agglutinated human erthyrocyte suspensions. Crude mucin preparation derived from saliva of 20 different donors were examined for their ability to inhibit haemagglutination. All mucin preparations exhibited strong inhibitory activity. Removal of sialic residues from mucin preparations by treatment with neuraminidase resulted in a substantial reduction of their inhibitory activity. The mucin prepations had no bactericidal or aggregation activity for H. pylori. These results are discussed in the context of the role of mucins in colonization of the gastric mucosa by H. pylori. © 1990.
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1990 |
RAHAT A, STEWART J, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, 'SEMIQUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF H-TYPE-1 AND TYPE-2 ANTIGENS ON BUCCAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS AND IN SALIVA OF SECRETORS AND NONSECRETORS', VOX SANGUINIS, 59 101-105 (1990)
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1990 |
BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, 'MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE - HIGH VIRULENCE AND LOW TRANSMISSION', LANCET, 336 53-53 (1990)
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1990 |
TOFT AD, BLACKWELL CC, SAADI AT, WU P, LYMBERI P, SOUDJIDELLI M, WEIR DM, 'SECRETOR STATUS AND INFECTION IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES-DISEASE', AUTOIMMUNITY, 7 279-289 (1990)
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1990 |
BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, JAMES VS, TODD WTA, BANATVALA N, CHAUDHURI AKR, et al., 'SECRETOR STATUS, SMOKING AND CARRIAGE OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 104 203-209 (1990)
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1989 |
Holbrook WP, Blackwell CC, 'Secretor status and dental caries in Iceland', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 397-399 (1989)
The proportion of non-secretors of ABH blood-group substances among Icelanders is one of the highest recorded for European countries. Dental caries prevalence is also very high. I... [more]
The proportion of non-secretors of ABH blood-group substances among Icelanders is one of the highest recorded for European countries. Dental caries prevalence is also very high. In this study of dental caries in young adults mean number of decayed, missing and filled teeth for secretors were 17.4 and for non-secretors 19.9 (P < 0.05). A majority of patients seeking free dental treatment in the Dental School were non-secretors (62.7%) significantly more than the proportion of non-secretors in the general population (36%; P < 0.01). It is postulated that blood group substances may interfere with the adherence of Streptococcus mutants to teeth. © 1989.
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1989 |
Thom SM, Blackwell CC, MacCallum CJ, Weir DM, Brettle RP, Kinane DF, Wray D, 'Non-secretion of blood group antigens and susceptibility to infection by Candida species', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 401-405 (1989)
One of the innate defences against superficial infections by Candida species appears to be the ability of an individual to secrete the water-soluble form of his ABO blood group an... [more]
One of the innate defences against superficial infections by Candida species appears to be the ability of an individual to secrete the water-soluble form of his ABO blood group antigens into body fluids. There was a significantly higher number of non-secretors (48.9%) among 174 patients with either oral or vaginal candida infections compared with the proportion of non-secretors in the local population (26.6%). The protective effect afforded by the secretor gene might be due to the ability of glycocompounds in the body fluids of secretors to inhibit adhesins on the surface of the yeast. In attachment studies, preincubation of blastospores with boiled secretor saliva significantly reduced their ability to bind to epithelial cells. Non-secretor saliva did not reduce the binding and often enhanced the numbers of attached yeasts. Possible host-parasite interactions underlying the susceptibility of non-secretors to candida and other infections are discussed. © 1989.
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1989 |
BLACKWELL CC, ALY FZM, JAMES VS, WEIR DM, COLLIER A, PATRICK AW, et al., 'BLOOD-GROUP, SECRETOR STATUS AND ORAL CARRIAGE OF YEASTS AMONG PATIENTS WITH DIABETES-MELLITUS', DIABETES RESEARCH CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, 12 101-104 (1989)
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1989 |
Blackwell CC, 'The role of ABO blood groups and secretor status in host defences', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 341-349 (1989)
Epidemiological studies on the associations between ABO blood group antigens, secretor status and susceptibility to infectious agents are summarized. Evidence for association of n... [more]
Epidemiological studies on the associations between ABO blood group antigens, secretor status and susceptibility to infectious agents are summarized. Evidence for association of non-secretion with some autoimmune diseases for which infectious aetiologies have been proposed is also given. Several hypothesis are proposed to explain the host-parasite interactions underlying the epidemiological observations, and evidence to support or refute them is presented. © 1989.
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Nova |
1989 |
May SJ, Rahat A, Blackwell CC, MacCallum CJ, Brettle RP, Weir DM, 'Characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine of secretors and non-secretors', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 377-381 (1989)
Strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urine of secretors (242) and non-secretors (121) were compared for their serotype and their ability to express mannose-sensitive (MS) hae... [more]
Strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urine of secretors (242) and non-secretors (121) were compared for their serotype and their ability to express mannose-sensitive (MS) haemagglutinins and mannose-resistant (MR) haemagglutinins and to produce haemolysin. The results of the survey refuted our hypothesis that strains with characteristics associated with virulence, those with MR haemagglutinins and/or haemolysins, would be isolated more frequently from non-secretors. MR haemagglutinins were detected among 36.4% of isolates from secretors and 27.3% of isolates from non-secretors. Haemolysin production was detected among 19.8% of isolates from secretors and 12.5% of isolates from non-secretors. Both MR haemagglutinins and haemolysin were detected only on 12.4% of strains from secretors and 6.7% of strains from non-secretors. © 1989.
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1989 |
May SJ, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, 'Lewis
This study tested the hypothesis that the Lewis a blood group antigen found predominantly on the cells of non-secretors might be one of the receptors for Candida species. Binding ... [more]
This study tested the hypothesis that the Lewis a blood group antigen found predominantly on the cells of non-secretors might be one of the receptors for Candida species. Binding of strain 3118C to epithelial cells from either secretor or non-secretor donors was not inhibited by treating the cells with anti-Lewis a or anti-Lewis b antisera. Binding of strain 3091 to non-secretor cell was inhibited by pretreating the cells with anti-Lewis a, but this was not observed for secretor cells. The results suggest that Lewis a might be one of the receptors for some yeast strains. © 1989.
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Nova |
1989 |
May SJ, Blackwell CC, Brettle RP, MacCallum CJ, Weir DM, 'Non-secretion of ABO blood group antigens: a host factor predisposing to recurrent urinary tract infections and renal scarring', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 383-387 (1989)
In a study of 718 women referred for specialist investigation for recurrent urinary tract infections, 250 (34.8%, P<0.01) were non-secretors. The proportion of non-secretors am... [more]
In a study of 718 women referred for specialist investigation for recurrent urinary tract infections, 250 (34.8%, P<0.01) were non-secretors. The proportion of non-secretors among the women with renal scars (42.6%) was higher than that found for women with no evidence of renal scars (36.6%). Among 29 patients in whom symptoms began in childhood or adolescence, 51.7% were non-secretors. The proportion of non-secretors among individuals with renal scars in this study (42.6%) and that reported in the accompanying paper for Swedish children (40%) suggests that non-secretion might influence the pathogenic sequelae of these infections. Possible host-parasite interactions underlaying the increased proportion of non-secretors among women with recurrent urinary tract infections and those leading to development of renal scars are discussed. © 1989.
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1989 |
Blackwell CC, Jonsdottir K, Weir DM, Hanson MF, Cartwright KAV, Stewart J, et al., 'Blood group, secretor status and susceptibility to bacterial meningitis', FEMS Microbiology Letters, 47 351-356 (1989)
Epidemiological evidence is summarized for associations of ABO blood group and secretor status with susceptibility to invasive disease due to capsulate organisms responsible for t... [more]
Epidemiological evidence is summarized for associations of ABO blood group and secretor status with susceptibility to invasive disease due to capsulate organisms responsible for the majority of bacterial meningitis. Host-parasite interactions that might underly these findings are proposed and evidence to support or refute them provided. © 1989.
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1989 |
May SJ, Blackwell CC, Brettle RP, MacCallum CJ, Weir DM, 'Non-secretion of ABO blood group antigens: a host factor predisposing to recurrent urinary tract infections and renal scarring.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 383-387 (1989)
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1989 |
Thom SM, Blackwell CC, MacCallum CJ, Weir DM, Brettle RP, Kinane DF, Wray D, 'Non-secretion of blood group antigens and susceptibility to infection by Candida species.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 401-405 (1989)
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1989 |
May SJ, Blackwell CC, Weir DM, 'Lewis a blood group antigen of non-secretors: a receptor for candida blastospores.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 407-409 (1989)
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Nova |
1989 |
Blackwell CC, 'The role of ABO blood groups and secretor status in host defences.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 341-349 (1989)
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1989 |
Blackwell CC, Jonsdottir K, Weir DM, Hanson MF, Cartwright KA, Stewart J, et al., 'Blood group, secretor status and susceptibility to bacterial meningitis.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 351-356 (1989)
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1989 |
May SJ, Rahat A, Blackwell CC, MacCallum CJ, Brettle RP, Weir DM, 'Characterization of Escherichia coli strains isolated from urine of secretors and non-secretors.', FEMS microbiology immunology, 1 377-381 (1989)
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Nova |
1989 |
BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, JAMES VS, CARTWRIGHT KAV, STUART JM, JONES DM, 'THE STONEHOUSE STUDY - SECRETOR STATUS AND CARRIAGE OF NEISSERIA SPECIES', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 102 1-10 (1989)
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1988 |
BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, PATRICK AW, COLLIER A, CLARKE BF, 'SECRETOR STATE AND COMPLEMENT LEVELS (C-3 AND C-4) IN INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS', DIABETES RESEARCH CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL, 9 117-119 (1988)
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Nova |
1988 |
BLACKWELL CC, 'SECRETOR STATE OF PATIENTS WITH INSULIN DEPENDENT OR NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 296 357-357 (1988)
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1988 |
COLLIER A, PATRICK AW, TOFT AD, BLACKWELL CC, JAMES V, WEIR DM, 'INCREASED PREVALENCE OF NON-SECRETORS IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES-DISEASE - EVIDENCE FOR AN INFECTIVE ETIOLOGY', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 296 1162-1162 (1988)
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1987 |
CUMMING CG, WIGHT C, BLACKWELL CC, SCHOU L, ROSS PW, 'DENTURE STOMATITIS IN THE ELDERLY', JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH, 66 890-890 (1987) |
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1987 |
BLACKWELL CC, MAY SJ, BRETTLE RP, MACCALLUM CJ, WEIR DM, 'SECRETOR STATE AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS AMONG WOMEN WITH RECURRENT URINARY-TRACT INFECTIONS', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 22 133-137 (1987)
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Nova |
1987 |
BLACKWELL CC, WINSTANLEY FP, WEIR DM, KINANE DF, 'LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE AND SERUM SENSITIVITY OF NON-SEROGROUPABLE NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 24 29-32 (1987) |
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1987 |
STUART JM, CARTWRIGHT KAV, JONES DM, NOAH ND, WALL RJ, BLACKWELL CC, et al., 'AN OUTBREAK OF MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE IN STONEHOUSE - PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF A LARGE-SCALE SURVEY', EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION, 99 579-589 (1987)
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1987 |
SHINEBAUM R, BLACKWELL CC, FORSTER PJG, HURST NP, WEIR DM, NUKI G, 'NON-SECRETION OF ABO BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS AS A HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY FACTOR IN THE SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 294 208-210 (1987)
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1987 |
BLACKWELL CC, JAMES VS, WEIR DM, GEMMILL JD, PATRICK AW, COLLIER A, CLARKE BF, 'SECRETOR STATE OF PATIENTS WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT OR NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 295 1024-1025 (1987)
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1986 |
BLACKWELL CC, THOM SM, LAWRIE OR, WEIR DM, WRAY D, KINANE DF, 'NON-SECRETION OF BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ORAL INFECTION BY CANDIDA-ALBICANS', JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH, 65 502-502 (1986)
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1986 |
MAY SJ, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, 'NON-SECRETION OF BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CANDIDA-ALBICANS - THE ROLE OF LEWIS BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS', JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH, 65 503-503 (1986)
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Nova |
1986 |
BLACKWELL CC, JONSDOTTIR K, HANSON M, TODD WTA, CHAUDHURI AKR, MATHEW B, et al., 'NON-SECRETION OF ABO ANTIGENS PREDISPOSING TO INFECTION BY NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE', LANCET, 2 284-285 (1986)
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1986 |
BLACKWELL CC, JONSDOTTIR K, HANSON MF, WEIR DM, 'NON-SECRETION OF ABO BLOOD-GROUP ANTIGENS PREDISPOSING TO INFECTION BY HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE', LANCET, 2 687-687 (1986)
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1986 |
SHINEBAUM R, BLACKWELL CC, FORSTER PJG, WEIR DM, NUKI G, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP AND SECRETOR STATE IN THE SPONDYLARTHROPATHIES', BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, 25 125-125 (1986) |
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1985 |
WINSTANLEY FP, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, 'FACTORS INFLUENCING HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE', BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY, 39 167-170 (1985)
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1984 |
WINSTANLEY FP, BLACKWELL CC, TAN EL, PATEL PV, PARSONS NJ, MARTIN PMV, SMITH H, 'ALTERATION OF PYOCIN-SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INDUCED RESISTANCE TO KILLING BY HUMAN-SERUM', JOURNAL OF GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY, 130 1303-1306 (1984)
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1984 |
Winstanley FP, Blackwell CC, Tan EL, Patel PV, Parsons NJ, Martin PM, Smith H, 'Alteration of pyocin-sensitivity pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is associated with induced resistance to killing by human serum', Journal of General Microbiology, 130 1303-1306 (1984)
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1984 |
BLACKWELL CC, WINSTANLEY FP, WEIR DM, KINANE DF, 'ABSENCE OF BACTERICIDAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST GROUP-I LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE DETERMINANTS OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE DURING HUMAN INFECTION', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 17 353-356 (1984)
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1984 |
KINANE DF, WEIR DM, BLACKWELL CC, WINSTANLEY FP, 'BINDING OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE BY LECTIN-LIKE RECEPTORS ON HUMAN PHAGOCYTES', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 13 107-110 (1984)
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1984 |
WINSTANLEY FP, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, KINANE DF, 'HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS INFLUENCING ESTABLISHMENT OF GONOCOCCAL-INFECTION - A PARADOX RESOLVED', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 14 169-171 (1984) |
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1984 |
BLACKWELL CC, ANDREW S, MAY SJ, WEIR DM, MACCALLUM C, BRETTLE RP, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO URINARY-TRACT INFECTION - NO EVIDENCE FOR INVOLVEMENT OF ISOHEMAGGLUTININS', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 15 191-194 (1984)
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1983 |
KINANE DF, BLACKWELL CC, WINSTANLEY FP, WEIR DM, 'BLOOD-GROUP, SECRETOR STATUS, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION BY NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE', BRITISH JOURNAL OF VENEREAL DISEASES, 59 44-46 (1983)
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Nova |
1983 |
WINSTANLEY FP, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, KINANE DF, 'GONORRHEA, A PREDISPOSING FACTOR FOR MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE', LANCET, 2 1135-1135 (1983)
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Nova |
1983 |
WEIR DM, BLACKWELL CC, 'INTERACTION OF BACTERIA WITH THE IMMUNE-SYSTEM', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 10 1-12 (1983)
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1983 |
BLACKWELL CC, KOWOLIK M, WINSTANLEY FP, KINANE DF, WEIR DM, LAW JA, CHOK Y, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GONOCOCCAL-INFECTION .1. FACTORS AFFECTING PHAGOCYTOSIS OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 10 173-178 (1983)
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1983 |
WINSTANLEY FP, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, KINANE DF, 'BLOOD-GROUPS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GONOCOCCAL-INFECTION .2. THE RELATIONSHIP OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE TYPE TO GONOCOCCAL SENSITIVITY TO THE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF NORMAL HUMAN-SERUM', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 11 27-32 (1983)
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1983 |
KINANE DF, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, WINSTANLEY FP, ELTON RA, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUPS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO GONOCOCCAL-INFECTION .3. ROLE OF ISOHEMAGGLUTININS IN INCREASED ASSOCIATION OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE TO MONOCYTES FROM BLOOD GROUP-B INDIVIDUALS', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 12 83-86 (1983)
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1983 |
WEIR DM, BLACKWELL CC, STEWART J, GLASS EJ, OLIVER AM, 'MACROPHAGE RECEPTORS FOR BACTERIAL CELL-WALL SUGARS AND IMMUNE-RESPONSE GENES - POSSIBLE DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION', BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY, 22 161-167 (1983)
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1983 |
Weir DM, Blackwell CC, Stewart J, Glass EJ, Oliver AM, 'Macrophage 'receptors' for bacterial cell-wall sugars and immune response genes: Possible determinants of susceptibility to infection', British Journal of Rheumatology, 22 161-167 (1983)
Recognition of bacteria, antigen presentation and regulation of the immune response by the class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are among the many facto... [more]
Recognition of bacteria, antigen presentation and regulation of the immune response by the class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are among the many factors that influence a host's response to microbial infection. 'Lectin-like' receptors on the macrophage membrane recognize a variety of bacteria by interaction with their cell-wall sugars. These receptors are susceptible to environmental factors and appear to be associated with the I-A subregion of the mouse MHC. Possible effects of this recognition system on the pathogenesis of microbial infection and reactive arthritides are considered.
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1982 |
KINANE DF, BLACKWELL CC, BRETTLE RP, WEIR DM, WINSTANLEY FP, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP, SECRETOR STATUS DETERMINED FROM SALIVA AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO URINARY-TRACT INFECTION', JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH, 61 553-553 (1982) |
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1982 |
BLACKWELL CC, WINSTANLEY FP, BRUNTON WAT, 'SENSITIVITY OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTERS TO R-TYPE PYOCINES OF PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 15 247-251 (1982)
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1982 |
KINANE DF, BLACKWELL CC, WEIR DM, WINSTANLEY FP, 'PHAGOCYTE RECOGNITION OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 9 169-172 (1982)
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1982 |
KINANE DF, BLACKWELL CC, BRETTLE RP, WEIR DM, WINSTANLEY FP, ELTON RA, 'ABO BLOOD-GROUP, SECRETOR STATE, AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO RECURRENT URINARY-TRACT INFECTION IN WOMEN', BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL, 285 7-9 (1982)
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1981 |
WEIR DM, BLACKWELL CC, MCLEAN CA, 'IMPAIRED BACTERIAL BINDING TO PERITONEAL-EXUDATE CELLS FROM MICE WITH ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETES', JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY, 5 37-40 (1981)
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1981 |
BLACKWELL CC, LAW JA, 'TYPING OF NON-SEROGROUPABLE NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS BY MEANS OF SENSITIVITY TO R-TYPE PYOCINES OF PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA', JOURNAL OF INFECTION, 3 370-378 (1981)
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1979 |
BLACKWELL CC, YOUNG H, ANDERSON I, 'SENSITIVITY OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE TO PARTIALLY PURIFIED R-TYPE PYOCINES AND A POSSIBLE APPROACH TO EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPING', JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 12 321-335 (1979)
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1978 |
FREIMER NB, OGMUNDSDOTTIR HM, BLACKWELL CC, SUTHERLAND IW, GRAHAM L, WEIR DM, 'ROLE OF CELL-WALL CARBOHYDRATES IN BINDING OF MICROORGANISMS TO MOUSE PERITONEAL EXUDATE MACROPHAGES', ACTA PATHOLOGICA ET MICROBIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA SECTION B-MICROBIOLOGY, 86 53-57 (1978)
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1978 |
BLACKWELL C, YOUNG H, BAIN SSR, 'ISOLATION OF NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS AND NEISSERIA-CATARRHALIS FROM GENITOURINARY TRACT AND ANAL-CANAL', BRITISH JOURNAL OF VENEREAL DISEASES, 54 41-44 (1978)
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