Dr Sharmaine McKiernan

Lecturer

School of Health Sciences (Medical Radiation Science)

Email:sharmaine.mckiernan@newcastle.edu.au
Phone:(02) 492 18861

Career Summary

Biography

My clinical history as a Radiographer and Sonographer had me working in both the private and public setting. As a Radiographer, I have advanced skills in general radiography, trauma, theatre, mobiles, screening procedures, OPG’s, mammography and computer tomography. As a Sonographer, I have developed skills in general ultrasound; encompassing such areas as abdominal, obstetrics, gynaecology, small parts, paediatrics, vascular and musculoskeletal. I have maintained my clinical skills by continuing to work in the clinical environment and maintaining strong connections with professionals in the field.

As an academic at the University of Newcastle I coordinate and lecture into the Diagnostic Radiography program. My main roles are with the first year students, professional practice and ultrasound education. In 1998 I completed my Honours with a thesis that investigated the radiation dose to the breast in mammography. In 2013 I completed my PhD with a thesis by publication that assessed and met the learning needs of Physiotherapists in the use of diagnostic ultrasound. I am also a Gemmologist, having completed a Diploma in Gemmology and I am a Fellow of the Gemmological Association of Australia.

My research interests lie in health professional practice and the scholarship of teaching and learning. I have particular interest in multidisciplinary research, clinically oriented research, the development and use of new technologies in practice, improving patient care and improving the general health of the population.

Research Expertise
Research Expertise is in Diagnostic Radiography, Ultrasound and Education.

Teaching Expertise
Teaching Expertise is in Diagnostic Radiography and Ultrasound. Particular interest in first year fundamentals.

Administrative Expertise
Program management as co-convenor, course and program reviews.

Chair of the Australasian Sonographers Association Musculoskeletal Committee and Educational Advisory Committee.

Qualifications

Doctor of Philosophy, University of Newcastle
Bachelor of Applied Science (Med Rad Tech), University of Newcastle
Bachelor of Applied Science (Med Rad Tech)(Hons), University of Newcastle
Graduate Diploma in Medical Sonography, University of Sydney

Keywords

Diagnostic Radiography
Diagnostic Radiography Practice, Research and Education
Health Science Education
Health and Cancer Related Quality of Life
Interprofessional Health and Medical Education
Medical Radiation Science
Professional Practice
Ultrasound
Ultrasound Practice, Research and Education

Professional Experience

UON Appointment

Title	Organisation / Department
Lecturer	University of Newcastle School of Health Sciences Australia
Lecturer	University of Newcastle School of Health Sciences Australia

Academic appointment

Dates	Title	Organisation / Department
1/1/2011 -	Membership - School of Health Science Placement Sub Committee	School of Health Science Placement Sub Committee Australia
1/1/1996 -	Membership - Environmental Protection Authority Radiation Licence	Environmental Protection Authority Radiation Licence Australia
1/1/2012 -	Membership - Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency	Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency Australia
1/1/2000 -	Membership - Australian Sonographer Accreditation Registry	Australian Sonographer Accreditation Registry Australia
1/1/2012 -	Membership - Australasian Sonographers Association / Musculoskeletal Committee	Australasian Sonographers Association / Musculoskeletal Committee Australia
1/1/2000 -	Membership - Australasian Sonographers Association	Australasian Sonographers Association Australia
1/1/1996 -	Membership - Australian Society of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy	Australian Society of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Australia

Professional appointment

Dates	Title	Organisation / Department
27/10/2017 -	Chair - Australasian Sonographers Association Educational Advisory Committee	Australian Sonographers Association Australia
1/12/2001 -	Sonographer	Hunter Imaging Group Australia
1/1/2015 -	Membership - Australasian Sonographers Association / Educational Advisory Committee	Australasian Sonographers Association Australia
1/1/2014 -	Chair of the Australasian Sonographers Association Musculoskeletal Committee	Australasian Sonographers Association Australia

Awards

Recipient

Year	Award
2018	Best ePoster Prize Australasian Sonography Association
2013	Best Medical Imaging Poster Prize Australian Institute of Radiography
2013	Best Student Poster Prize Australian Institute of Radiography

Recognition

Year	Award
2018	One of the Sonography journals top 20 most downloaded papers published between 2016 and 2017 Australasian Sonography Association

Invitations

Peer Reviewer

Year	Title / Rationale
2016	Sonography Journal
2016	Global Journal of Health Science

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Publications

For publications that are currently unpublished or in-press, details are shown in italics.

Journal article (14 outputs)

Year

Citation

Altmetrics

Link

2020

Denham G, Smith T, James D, McKiernan S, Evans TJ, 'Exploring the evidence-practice gap in the use of plain radiography for acute abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis', International journal of evidence-based healthcare, 18 159-169 (2020) [C1]

AIM: Previous studies, some dating back several decades, have recommended that the use of plain abdominal radiography should be curbed, particularly with the growth of more accura... [more]

AIM: Previous studies, some dating back several decades, have recommended that the use of plain abdominal radiography should be curbed, particularly with the growth of more accurate imaging modalities. However, evidence from referral data suggests that plain abdominal radiography continues to be a commonly requested examination. The aim of this review was to explore the gap between evidence and practice by re-examining the evidence using a robust methodology, investigating the diagnostic accuracy of plain abdominal radiography. METHODS: Studies were identified from electronic databases and reference lists. Eligible studies provided data as to the sensitivity and specificity of plain abdominal radiography for either acute abdominal pain (Group A) or suspected intestinal obstruction (Group B). Version 2 of the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies was used to assess the quality of studies and hierarchical summary receiver operator characteristic curves and coupled forest plots were generated. RESULTS: Four studies evaluated plain abdominal radiography for acute abdominal pain (Group A) and 10 for suspected intestinal obstruction (Group B). Two studies investigated both presentations and were included in both groups. Methodological quality of studies was moderately high, though incorporation bias was a common limitation. Sensitivity for Group A studies ranged from 30 to 46%, with specificity from 75 to 88%. For Group B, the range of sensitivity was 48 to 96% and specificity from 50 to 100%. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that use of plain abdominal radiography could be substantially reduced, particularly for patients with undifferentiated acute abdominal pain. While some guidelines exist, there is sound argument for clinical decision rules for abdominal imaging to inform evidence-based clinical decision-making and radiology referrals.

DOI	10.1097/XEB.0000000000000218
Co-authors	Daphne James, Tony Smith

2018

Hunter D, Rivett D, Rajapaksha Mudiyanselage I, McKiernan S, Snodgrass S, 'Is the inclinometer a valid measure of thoracic kyphosis? A cross-sectional study', Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 22 310-317 (2018) [C1]

DOI	10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.02.005
Citations	Scopus - 1Web of Science - 1
Co-authors	Suzanne Snodgrass, Ishanka Rajapakshamudiyanselage, Darren Rivett

2017

McKiernan S, Fenech M, Fox D, Stewart I, 'Sonography of the ankle: The lateral ankle and ankle sprains', Sonography, 4 146-155 (2017)

DOI	10.1002/sono.12120

2017

McKiernan S, Selmes C, 'Transcranial colour-coded duplex of the intracranial large arteries', Sonography, 4 156-165 (2017)

DOI	10.1002/sono.12124

2015

McKiernan S, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'The content of a training package in diagnostic ultrasound for physiotherapists', Sonography, 2 1-7 (2015) [C1]

DOI	10.1002/sono.12015
Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2014

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'Diagnostic Ultrasound for Assessment of Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction: Frequently Asked Questions.', Journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Women's Health, Spring 37-43 (2014) [C1]

Co-authors	Helen Warren-Forward, Pauline Chiarelli

2013

McKiernan ST, Fenech M, Hackett L, Stewart I, 'Elbow Sonography and Commonly Encountered Pathologies', Sound Effects, 4 18-24 (2013) [C2]

2013

McKiernan S, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'Professional issues in the use of diagnostic ultrasound biofeedback in physiotherapy of the female pelvic floor', Radiography, 19 117-124 (2013) [C1]

The usage of diagnostic ultrasound equipment has expanded into physiotherapy. The aim of this paper is to deliver to both the ultrasound and physiotherapy professions an understan... [more]

The usage of diagnostic ultrasound equipment has expanded into physiotherapy. The aim of this paper is to deliver to both the ultrasound and physiotherapy professions an understanding of the use of diagnostic ultrasound for biofeedback in physiotherapy of the female pelvic floor and the issues related to competent and safe practice, including accessing suitable training. This has been evaluated using a qualitative research paradigm with data gathered via focus groups of Australian physiotherapists. The target group were pelvic floor physiotherapists as this is one of the main uses of diagnostic ultrasound within physiotherapy and the main area physiotherapists would like to be trained in. Two focus groups were run with a total of sixteen physiotherapists. Focus group participants reported their training in diagnostic ultrasound to be largely self directed. They also reported they were learning on their patients. Despite very limited training, participants demonstrated some familiarity with images and equipment settings. Participants felt the modality had a role within physiotherapy as an adjunct to their current practices. The main need raised by participants during the focus groups was related to patient expectations and the fact that the physiotherapist may miss evidence of pathology. © 2013 The College of Radiographers.

DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2013.01.006
Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2012

McKiernan ST, 'Essential applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology', Sound Effects, 41 (2012) [C3]

2012

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'A comparison between workshop and DVD methods of training for physiotherapists in diagnostic ultrasound', Radiography, 18 287-291 (2012) [C1]

DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2012.07.004
Citations	Scopus - 2
Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2012

Walmsley S, Rivett DA, Osmotherly PG, McKiernan ST, 'Early diagnosis of primary/idiopathic adhesive capsulitis: Can imaging contribute?', International Musculoskeletal Medicine, 34 166-174 (2012) [C1]

Co-authors	Sarah Walmsley, Peter Osmotherly, Darren Rivett

2011

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'A survey of diagnostic ultrasound within the physiotherapy profession for the design of future training tools', Radiography, 17 121-125 (2011) [C1]

DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2010.08.003
Citations	Scopus - 19Web of Science - 12
Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2010

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'Diagnostic ultrasound use in physiotherapy, emergency medicine, and anaesthesiology', Radiography, 16 154-159 (2010) [C1]

DOI	10.1016/j.radi.2009.12.004
Citations	Scopus - 22Web of Science - 9
Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2004

Smith AN, McKiernan S, 'The Redevelopment of the New South Wales Remote X-ray Operators Licensing Course', The Radiographer, 51 117-122 (2004) [C1]

Co-authors	Tony Smith

Show 11 more journal articles

Conference (31 outputs)

Year

Citation

Altmetrics

Link

2020

Hunter DJ, Rivett DA, McKeirnan S, Smith L, Snodgrass SJ, 'Relationship Between Shoulder Impingement Syndrome and Thoracic Posture.', Phys Ther, United States (2020)

DOI	10.1093/ptj/pzz182
Co-authors	Darren Rivett, Suzanne Snodgrass

2019

McKiernan S, Burgin M, Byun H, Paterson A, Sia M, Sun B, Vella S, '22nd Asia-Australasia Conference of Radiological Technologists (AACRT 2019) and 14th Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy (ASMMIRT)', Communication in Paediatric Radiography, Adelaide (2019)

2019

McKiernan S, Burgess A, Hatter G, Ketteringham K, Line J, Morris E, Strawhorn N, 'Dementia - Putting The Pieces Together', Adelaide (2019)

2019

Hunter D, Snodgrass S, Rivett D, McKiernan S, 'Reliability of modified Cobb angle measurements', Adelaide (2019)

Co-authors	Darren Rivett, Suzanne Snodgrass

2019

Denham G, Smith A, James D, McKiernan S, 'Interprofessional collaboration could reduce low yield plain abdominal radiography by converting evidence into practice', Adelaide, SA (2019)

Co-authors	Tony Smith

2018

Eldridge L, Kable AK, McKiernan ST, 'Point of care ultrasound (PoCUS); a screening tool for elbow fractures in paediatrics: a case study.', Sydney (2018)

Co-authors	Ashley Kable

2018

Woodward S, Bailey-Liew M, Dietrich J, Gamack M, Lietchfield M, Sloane M, McKiernan ST, 'Radiographers Don t get your lines crossed!', Canberra (2018)

2018

Hunter D, Snodgrass SNJ, weerasekara I, Rivett DA, McKiernan ST, 'Thoracic Kyphosis: The Modified Cobb Angle and Inclinometer Measurement.', Canberra (2018)

Co-authors	Ishanka Rajapakshamudiyanselage, Darren Rivett, Suzanne Snodgrass

2018

Hunter D, Snodgrass SNJ, Rivett DA, McKiernan ST, 'Shoulder impingement syndrome: Is there a relationship with subacromial space?', Sydney (2018)

Co-authors	Suzanne Snodgrass, Darren Rivett

2018

Eldridge L, Kable AK, McKiernan ST, 'Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS): A screening tool for elbow fractures in children.', Canberrs (2018)

Co-authors	Ashley Kable

2017

Carey L, McKiernan S, Gardner A, Stanwell P, 'Concussion in sport: what is the role of imaging?', Perth, Australia (2017)

Co-authors	Andrew Gardner, Peter Stanwell

2017

McKiernan S, 'TCD of the brain.', Brisbane (2017)

2017

Hunter D, Snodgrass S, Buxton A, Rivett D, McKiernan S, 'Shoulder impingement syndrome and acromio-humeral distance; is there a relationship?', Brisbane (2017)

Co-authors	Suzanne Snodgrass, Darren Rivett

2017

Burnes M, Conway T, Harris E, Henderson T, Hopkins R, Oliver S, McKiernan S, 'Musculoskeletal injury amongst Sonographers: Causes, Prevention, Treatment.', Brisbane (2017)

2017

Perry S, McKiernan S, 'The student as the teacher; my personal experience.', Perth (2017)

2017

Hunter D, Snodgrass S, buxton A, rivett D, McKiernan S, 'Shoulder impingement syndrome and the thoracic spine; Is there a relationship?', Perth (2017)

Co-authors	Darren Rivett, Suzanne Snodgrass

2014

McKiernan S, Bottaro A, 'X-Rays as Art', Melbourne (2014)

2014

McKiernan S, Arumugasamy R, Ricardo L, Margery F, Perring S, Stonham A, 'Integrating C-arm CT: are more arms really that helpful?', Melbourne (2014)

2014

McKiernan S, Mahon J, 'Radiography Abroad: a Firsthand Experience of Nepalese Healthcare', Melbourne (2014)

2013

McKiernan ST, Collins E, Daley L, Kimber B, Lloyd J, Price P, 'Screening Mammography - Benefits vs. Risks: A Comparative Study of the Positive Effects and Harms From Screening Mammography', 10th Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Abstracts, Hobart (2013) [E3]

2013

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'Using Diagnostic Ultrasound to Investigate the Pelvic Floor', Annual National Conference of the Australian Sonographers Association, Sydney (2013)

Co-authors	Helen Warren-Forward, Pauline Chiarelli

2013

McKiernan ST, Warren-Forward H, Myers P, 'Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Should Australia Have a Screening Program?', Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Abstracts, Hobart (2013) [E3]

2013

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'A Training Package in Diagnostic Ultrasound for Physiotherapists', Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Abstracts, Hobart (2013) [E3]

2013

McKiernan ST, Henderson S, Buxton A, 'The Clements Nakayama Hip View: Have You Ever Used It?', Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy Abstracts, Hobart (2013) [E3]

2013

McKiernan S, Chiarelli P, Warren-Forward H, 'Using Diagnostic Ultrasound to Investigate the Pelvic Floor', Sydney (2013)

Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2012

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'Results of a survey to investigate diagnostic ultrasound within physiotherapy', Annual National Conference of the Australian Sonographers Association, Canberra, ACT (2012) [E3]

Co-authors	Helen Warren-Forward, Pauline Chiarelli

2012

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'Training in diagnostic ultrasound for physiotherapists via workshop or DVD. Which provides the better educational outcome?', Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy . Abstracts, Sydney, NSW (2012) [E3]

Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2011

McKiernan ST, Chiarelli PE, Warren-Forward H, 'Diagnostic ultrasound in physiotherapy, what they are using it for and how we can help', Proceedings of the UK Radiological Congress 2011, Manchester, UK (2011) [E3]

Co-authors	Pauline Chiarelli, Helen Warren-Forward

2004

McKiernan ST, Smith A, 'The Redevelopment of the NSW Remote X-ray Operators Licensing Course', Coffs Harbour (2004)

Co-authors	Tony Smith

1997

McKiernan ST, Buxton AJ, Shah A, 'Average Glandular Dose in Mammography', Hobart (1997)

1995

McKiernan ST, Buxton AJ, Shah A, 'Average Glandular Dose in Mammography', Coffs Harbour (1995)

Show 28 more conferences

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Grants and Funding

Summary

Number of grants	14
Total funding	$133,651

Click on a grant title below to expand the full details for that specific grant.

20172 grants / $12,570

UON 2017 Research Equipment Grant $10,570

Funding body: University of Newcastle

Funding body	University of Newcastle
Project Team	Doctor Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Researcher Equipment Grants
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2017
Funding Finish	2017
GNo	G1701144
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	Y

2017 SHS Strategic Pilot Grant$2,000

Funding body: School of Health Science Research and Research Training Committee

Funding body	School of Health Science Research and Research Training Committee
Project Team	Surjan Y, James D, McKiernan S, Lyall D, Tessier J
Scheme	SHS 2017 Strategic Pilot Scheme
Role	Investigator
Funding Start	2017
Funding Finish	2017
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

20152 grants / $32,494

Faculty of Health and Medicine Teaching Equipment Grant$27,544

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Scheme	Teaching Equipment Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2015
Funding Finish	2015
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

School of Health Sciences Research Equipment Grant$4,950

Funding body: University of Newcastle - School of Health Sciences

Funding body	University of Newcastle - School of Health Sciences
Scheme	Research Equipment Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2015
Funding Finish	2015
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

20144 grants / $31,627

2014 Faculty of Health and Medicine Teaching Equipment Grant$11,413

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	teaching equipment grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2014
Funding Finish	2014
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

School of Health Sciences Research Equipment Grant$11,014

Funding body: University of Newcastle

Funding body	University of Newcastle
Project Team	Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Research equipment grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2014
Funding Finish	2014
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

School of Health Sciences Research Equipment Grant$7,700

Funding body: University of Newcastle

Funding body	University of Newcastle
Project Team	Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Research equipment grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2014
Funding Finish	2014
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

2014 Combined Scientific Meeting, Melbourne Australia, 4-7 September 2014$1,500

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Doctor Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Travel Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2014
Funding Finish	2014
GNo	G1400812
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	Y

20131 grants / $1,500

Annual Scientific Meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation Therapy 2013, Hobart, Tasmania, 8 - 10 March 2012$1,500

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Doctor Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Travel Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2013
Funding Finish	2014
GNo	G1201268
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	Y

20122 grants / $41,500

Equipment Grant$40,000

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Equipment Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2012
Funding Finish	2012
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

Annual Scientific meeting of Medical Imaging and Radiation therapy, Sydney Convention and Exhibition Centre, 20 - 22 April 2012$1,500

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Doctor Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Travel Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2012
Funding Finish	2013
GNo	G1200496
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	Y

20112 grants / $3,960

RHD Scholarship$2,460

Funding body: University of Newcastle

Funding body	University of Newcastle
Project Team	Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	RHD write up scholarship
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2011
Funding Finish	2011
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

UKRC Radiological Congress, Manchester UK, 6-8 June 2011$1,500

Funding body: University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine

Funding body	University of Newcastle - Faculty of Health and Medicine
Project Team	Doctor Sharmaine McKiernan
Scheme	Travel Grant
Role	Lead
Funding Start	2011
Funding Finish	2012
GNo	G1100392
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	Y

20091 grants / $10,000

Supporting Commencing Students$10,000

Funding body: University of Newcastle

Funding body	University of Newcastle
Project Team	Yolanda Surjan
Scheme	Teaching and Learning Grant
Role	Investigator
Funding Start	2009
Funding Finish	2009
GNo
Type Of Funding	Internal
Category	INTE
UON	N

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Research Supervision

Number of supervisions

Completed0

Current2

Current Supervision

Commenced	Level of Study	Research Title	Program	Supervisor Type
2018	PhD	The Relationship between the Thoracic Spine and Shoulder Impingement Syndrome	PhD (Physiotherapy), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle	Co-Supervisor
2016	Masters	Analysing Accelerometer Data in Relation to the Magnitude and Direction of Forces that Contribute to Concussion in Rugby League Players	M Philosophy (Med RadiationSc), College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle	Co-Supervisor

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