Chicago A

The Chicago-A Notes referencing style is a Notes and Bibliography Style, commonly used in the humanities—including literature, philosophy, history, and the arts. It features numbered footnotes in the text, supplemented by an alphabetical bibliography at the end of the document. The bibliography may include the documents you consulted but not directly cited in your essay.

This guide has been designed to provide examples of how to reference the types of resources commonly used for your assignments, in correct Chicago-A style. Examples using many other resource types can also be found in our full Chicago A Guide.

Choose a resource type from the options below.

If any source is referenced more than once in a document using Chicago A referencing style, the second and subsequent footnotes are shortened to only include the note number, author surnames, a shortened title, and where appropriate a page number. These details should be formatted in the same way as the full footnote.

While there are no definitive rules around how to shorten the title of the work, it is advisable to aim for 2-4 words.

For example:

1. Narr and Krist, “Host Diet,” 88–89.

2. Sinnott-Armstrong, "How to Win."

3. Garner, Ferdinand, and Lawson, Introduction to Politics, 78.

For more detailed advice and examples, visit our Chicago A Guide’s Site Index, and choose your appropriate reference type.

In Chicago A the same rules are used to format author names in a bibliography for all different types of resources.

Footnote formatting is included with each example. For shortened footnotes, view this tools shortened footnote section.

Author detailsFormatExample

1 author

Author's Last Names, First Name.

Jones, Madison.

2 authors

1st Author's Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author's First name Last name.

Jones, Madison, and Kylie Smith.

3 authors

1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, and 3rd Author's First name Last name.

Jones, Madison, Kylie Smith, and Paulette Harris.

4+ authors

First Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name, 3rd Author's First name Last name, and 4th Author's First name Last name.

NOTE: For 4 or more authors, list all for up to 10 authors in bibliography. If there are more than 10 authors, list the first 7 followed by “et al”.

Jones, Madison., Kylie Smith, Paulette Harris, and James Montgomery.

Corporate authors

Corporate Author.

NOTE: Corporate authors are groups, societies or organisations including universities, museums, government departments, associations, etc. Include the corporate authors capitalised as shown on the referenced document.

NSW Department of Primary Industries

Corporate authors with acronyms

Corporate Author.

NOTE: If you choose to refer to the corporate author by its acronym in your In-Text citations, ensure that the first citation introduces it appropriately (Eg. Corporate Author [ACRONYM]) and then all subsequent citations may use only the acronym. The reference list should reflect the full Corporate Author name.

Australian Library and Information Association.

Double Surnames

Double Surname, First Name.

NOTE: Surnames with non capitalised components are still treated as double barrelled surnames.

Van der Beek, Iain.

Multiple First Names

Surname, First Name Second Name.

NOTE: Include as many names as are listed on the referenced work.

Williams, Brett Kevin.

No author

If the author or editor is unknown, the note of bibliography entry should begin with the title.

Print articles

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, "Article Title: Subtitle," Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page(s) cited.

Bibliography

Author's Last Names, First Name. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page range.

Examples
Footnote

1. Monia Acciari, “The Italianization of Bollywood Cinema: Ad Hoc Films,” Studies in European Cinema 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 20.

Bibliography

Acciari, Monia. “The Italianization of Bollywood Cinema: Ad Hoc Films.” Studies in European Cinema 11, no. 1 (January 2014): 14-25.

Articles with a DOI

Format
Footnote

Note Number. 1st Author and 2nd Author, "Article Title: Subtitle," Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page(s) cited, https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.

Bibliography

1st Author's Last Name, First Name, and 2nd Author's First name Last name. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page range. https://doi.org/10.xxxxxxxx.

Examples
Footnote

1.Rama Krishna Reddy Kummitha and Nathalie Crutzen, “How Do We Understand Smart Cities? An Evolutionary Perspective,” Cities 67 (July 2017): 43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.04.010.

Bibliography

Kummitha, Rama Krishna Reddy, and Nathalie Crutzen. 2017. “How Do We Understand Smart Cities? An Evolutionary Perspective.” Cities 67, (July 2017): 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2017.04.010.

Articles from Journal Database (No DOI)

Format
Footnote

Note Number. 1st Author, 2nd Author, and 3rd Author, "Article Title: Subtitle," Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page(s) cited. Name of Database.

Bibliography

1st Author's Last Name, First Name, 2nd Author's First name Last name and 3rd Author's First name Last name. "Article Title: Subtitle," Title of Journal Vol no, issue no (Date of Publication): page range. Name of Database.

Examples
Footnote

1. Nathan J. Wilson, Reinie Cordier, and Sarah Wilkes-Gillan, “Men's Sheds and Mentoring Programs: Supporting Teenage Boys’ Connection With School,” International Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 99, EBSCO Megafile.

Bibliography

Wilson, Nathan J., Reinie Cordier, and Sarah Wilkes-Gillan. “Men's Sheds and Mentoring Programs: Supporting Teenage Boys’ Connection With School.” International Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 2 (Summer 2014): 92-100. EBSCO Megafile.

Online Newspaper

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, "Article Title: Subtitle," Title of Newspaper, Date of Publication,  DOI or URL if available.

Bibliography

Author's Last Names, First Name. "Article Title: Subtitle." Title of Newspaper, Date of Publication, DOI or URL if available.

Examples
Footnote

1. Rebecca Mead, “Margaret Atwood: The Prophet of Dystopia,” New Yorker, April 17, 2017, https://www.newyorker. com/magazine/2017/04/17/margaret-atwood-the-prophet-ofdystopia

Bibliography

Mead, Rebecca. “Margaret Atwood: The Prophet of Dystopia.” New Yorker, April 17, 2017. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine /2017/04/17/margaret-atwood-the-prophet-of-dystopia

Book

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Full Names of Author One and Author Two, Book title, edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s) cited.

Bibliography

1st Author Surname, Initial., 2nd Author Surname, Initial., and 3rd Author Surname, Initial. Title of book: Subtitle (X ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication.

Examples

Footnote

1. Loren Nell Melton Stein and Connie J. Hollen, Concept-Based Clinical Nursing Skills: Fundamental to Advanced (St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, 2021), 65.

Bibliography

Stein, Loren Nell Melton, and Connie J. Hollen. Concept-Based Clinical Nursing Skills: Fundamental to Advanced. St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier, 2021.

eBook

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, Book Title: Subtitle, edition. (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s) cited, DOI.

Bibliography

Author’s Last Names, First Name. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. DOI.

Examples

Footnote

1. Laszlo Solymer, Getting the Message: A History of Communications, 2nd ed.  (Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2021), 234 https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863007.001.0001.

Bibliography

Solymer, Laszlo. Getting the Message: A History of Communications, 2nd ed.  Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863007.001.0001.

Book Chapter

Format
Footnote

Note Number. First Chapter Authors’ First and Last Names, et al., “Chapter Title,” in Book Title: Subtitle, edition, ed. Editor’s First and Last Names (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), Page(s) cited, DOI.

Bibliography

First Chapter Author’s Last Names, First Name, Other Chapter Authors’ First Name Last Name. “Chapter Title.” In Book Title: Subtitle, edition, edited by Editor’s First and Last Names, inclusive page (or chapter) numbers. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. DOI.

Examples

Footnote

1.Brianna Blaser, et al., “Perspectives of Women with Disabilities in Computing,” in Cracking the Digital Ceiling: Women in Computing Around the World, ed. Carol Frieze and Jeria L. Quesenberry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 162, https://doi.org/ 10.1017/9781108609081.

Bibliography

Blaser, Brianna, Cynthia Bennett, Richard E. Ladner, Cheryl E. Burgstahler, and Jennifer Mankoff. “Perspectives of Women with Disabilities in Computing.” In Cracking the Digital Ceiling: Women in Computing Around the World, edited by Carol Frieze and Jeria L. Quesenberry, 159-182. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/9781108609081.

Edited Book

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Full Names of Editor 1, Editor 2, and Editor 3, eds., Book Title: Subtitle, edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page(s) cited.

Bibliography

1st Editor’s Last Name, First Name, 2nd Editor’s First Name Last Name, and 3rd Editor’s First Name Last Name. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Examples

Footnote

1.Tim Allender, Anna Clark and Robert Parkes, eds., Historical Thinking for History Teachers: A New Approach to Engaging Students and Developing Historical Consciousness (Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2019), p. 24.

Bibliography

Allender, Tim, Anna Clark, and Robert Parkes, eds. Historical Thinking for History Teachers: A New Approach to Engaging Students and Developing Historical Consciousness. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2019.

PhD Thesis

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Thesis Title: Subtitle” (Type of Thesis, University, Year), page(s) cited, URL.

Bibliography

Author’s Last Names, First Name. “Thesis Title: Subtitle.” Type of Thesis, University, Year. URL.

Examples

Footnote

1. Hannah M. Brown, “Evaluation of Education Strategies to Optimise Nutrition and Dietary Knowledge in Pregnant Women” (PhD diss., University of Newcastle, 2019), 145-149, https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35614.

Bibliography

Brown, Hannah M. “Evaluation of Education Strategies to Optimise Nutrition and Dietary Knowledge in Pregnant Women.” PhD diss., University of Newcastle, 2019. https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:35614.

Master’s Thesis

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author’s First and Last Names, “Thesis Title: Subtitle” (Type of Thesis, University, Year), page(s) cited, Database Name (Access No).

Bibliography

Author’s Last Names, First Name. “Thesis Title: Subtitle.” Type of Thesis, University, Date. Database Name (Access No).

Examples

Footnote

1. Kathryn Geraghty, “Colors of the Western Mining Frontier: Painted Finishes in Virginia City, Montana” (Master’s thesis, University of Oregon, 2017), 70, ProQuest (10599315).

Bibliography

Geraghty, Kathryn. “Colors of the Western Mining Frontier: Painted Finishes in Virginia City, Montana.” Master’s thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. ProQuest (10599315).

Webpage with Authors

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, "Webpage Title," Title or Owner of Website, Date of Publication / Revision or Access, URL.

Bibliography

Author's Last name, First Names. "Webpage Title." Title or Owner of Website. Date of Publication / Revision or Access. URL.

Examples

Footnote

1. Linda Folden Palmer, “Insufficient Milk Syndrome: A Fallacy Becomes a Reality,” July 17, 2008, http://babyreference.com/ insufficient-milk-syndrome-a-fallacy-becomes-a-reality/.

Bibliography

Palmer, Linda Folden. “Insufficient Milk Syndrome: A Fallacy Becomes a Reality.” July 17, 2008. http://babyreference.com/insufficientmilk-syndrome-a-fallacy-becomes-a-reality/.

Document on a Webpage

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, “Document Title: Subtitle,” Title or Owner of Website. Date of Publication / Revision or Access. URL.

Bibliography

Author's First and Last Names, “Document Title: Subtitle,” Title or Owner of Website. Date of Publication / Revision or Access. URL.

Examples

Footnote

1. Bruce Moore, “The Vocabulary of Australian English,” Australian National Dictionary Centre, Australian National University, accessed April 19, 2018, https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/vocab_aussie_eng.pdf.

Bibliography

Moore, Bruce. “The Vocabulary of Australian English.” Australian National Dictionary Centre, Australian National University. Accessed April 19, 2018. https://slll.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/andc/vocab_aussie_eng.pdf.

Social Media (Instagram/Facebook/Twitter/TikTok)

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Author of Post, "Title of post," Type of Post, Date of Post, URL of Post.

Bibliography

Author of Post. "Title of post," Type of Post. Date of Post. URL of Post.

Example

Footnotes

1. Pete Souza (@petesouza), “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit,” Instagram photo, April 1, 2016, https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

2. Michele Truty, “We do need a gender-neutral pronoun,” April 17, 2015, comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they,” https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151?comment_id=10152906356479151.

3. Conan O’Brien (@ConanOBrien), “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets,” Twitter, April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m., https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

Bibliography

Chicago Manual of Style. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.” Facebook. April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.

O’Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets.” Twitter. April 22, 2015, 11:10 a.m. https://twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.

Souza, Pete (@petesouza). “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo. April 1, 2016. https://www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt/.

Online Streaming Videos

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, "Title of Video," Date of Publication, Video Format, running time, URL.

Bibliography

Author's Last Names, First Name. "Title of Video."Date of Publication. Video format, running time. URL.

Example

Footnote

1.Ang Lee, dir, Brokeback Mountain (2005; San Francisco: Kanopy Streaming, 2014), streaming video, 134 min, Kanopy

2.Vsauce, “Is Your Red The Same As My Red?” February 17, 2013, YouTube video, 9:34, https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=evQsOFQju08.

3.Sean Nicholls, “Green Rush,” Four Corners, aired on April 23, 2018 on ABC Television, 43:33 min. http://www.abc.net.au/ 4corners/green-rush/9688790.

Bibliography

Lee, Ang, dir. Brokeback Mountain. 2005; San Francisco: Kanopy Streaming, 2014. Streaming video, 134 min. Kanopy.

Nicholls, Sean. “Green Rush.” Four Corners. Aired on April 23, 2018 on ABC Television, 43:33 min. http://www.abc.net.au/ 4corners/green-rush/9688790.

Vsauce. “Is Your Red The Same As My Red?” February 17, 2013. YouTube video, 9:34. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= evQsOFQju08.

Podcasts

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, Title of Podcast, Date of Publication, Podcast Series, Audio Format, running time, URL.

Bibliography

Author's Last Names, First Name. "Title of Audio."Date of Publication. Podcast Series. Audio format, running time. URL.

Example

Footnote

    1. David Van Nuys, “Growing Your Resilience with Rick Hanson PhD,” April 5, 2018, Shrink Rap Radio, podcast, MP3 audio, 1:10:51, http://shrinkrapradio.com/592-growing-your-resiliencewith-rick-hanson-phd/.

Bibliography

Van Nuys, David. “Growing Your Resilience with Rick Hanson PhD.” April 5, 2018. Shrink Rap Radio. Podcast, MP3 audio, 1:10:51. http://shrinkrapradio.com/592-growing-your-resilience-with-rickhanson-phd/.

Songs & Audio Tracks

Format
Footnote

Note Number. Contributor's First and Last Names, type of contribution, "Title of Music," other contributors and role, on Title of Album, Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication, Medium.

Bibliography

Contributor's First and Last Names, type of contribution. "Title of Music." Other Contributors and Role. On Title of Album. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. Medium.

Examples

Footnotes

1. Billie Holiday, vocalist, “I’m a Fool to Want You,” by Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf, recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis, track 1 on Lady in Satin, Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.

2. Paul Simon, "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover," on Still Crazy After All These Years: The Greatest Hits of Paul Simon. New York: CBS Digital, 2010, CD.

Bibliography

Holiday, Billie, vocalist. “I’m a Fool to Want You.” By Joel Herron, Frank Sinatra, and Jack Wolf. Recorded February 20, 1958, with Ray Ellis. Track 1 on Lady in Satin. Columbia CL 1157, 33⅓ rpm.

Simon, Paul. "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover." On Still Crazy After All These Years: The Greatest Hits of Paul Simon. New York: CBS Digital, 2010. CD.

Maps

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Cartographer's First and Last Names, Map Title: Subtitle, Year of Map Creation, scale and size, Publication Details, Location of Map, URL.

Bibliography

Cartographer's Last Names, First Name. Map Title: Subtitle. Year of Map. scale and size. Publication Details. Location of Map. URL.

Example

Footnote

    1. Samuel de Champlain, cartographer, Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse, 1612, 43 × 76 cm, inThe History of Cartography, vol. 3,Cartography in the European Renaissance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), fig. 51.

    2.Satellite view of Newcastle, Google Earth, accessed July 30, 2018, https://www.google.com/maps/@-32.9546526,151.6396797,36081m/data=!3m1!1e3.

Bibliography

Champlain, Samuel de, cartographer. Carte geographique de la Nouvelle Franse. 1612. 43 × 76 cm. In The History of Cartography, vol. 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.

Satellite view of Newcastle. Google Earth. accessed July 30, 2018. https://www.google.com/maps/@-32.9546526,151.6396797,36081m/data=!3m1!1e3!

Images

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Artist's First and Last Names, Title, Date, medium and other information, Location of Work, URL.

Bibliography

Artist's Last Names, First Name. Title. Date. Medium and other information. Location of work. URL.

Examples

Footnote

1. Pablo Picasso, Bull’s Head, Spring 1942, Bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 × 43.5 × 19 cm, Musée Picasso Paris.

Bibliography

Picasso, Pablo. Bull’s Head. Spring 1942. Bicycle saddle and handlebars, 33.5 × 43.5 × 19 cm. Musée Picasso Paris.

Reports

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Author, Report Title: Subtitle, Report number (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page(s) cited, DOI or URL.

Bibliography

Author. Report Title: Subtitle, Report number. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. DOI or URL.

Example
Footnote

1. United Nations, The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021 (New York: 2021), 10, https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2021.pdf.

2. Active Healthy Kids Australia, Physical Literacy: Do Our Kids Have All the Tools? 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Young People (Adelaide: 2016), 3, https://doi.org/10.4226/78/57AAD6BD49165.

3. Suzy Oo, Fast Food and Takeaway Food Services in Australia, AU Industry (ANZSIC) Report H4512(IBISWorld, 2021), 32.

Bibliography

Active Healthy Kids Australia. Physical Literacy: Do Our Kids Have All the Tools? 2016 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Young People. Adelaide: 2016. https://doi.org/10.4226/78/57AAD6BD49165.

Oo, Suzy. Fast Food and Takeaway Food Services in Australia, AU Industry (ANZSIC) Report H4512. IBISWorld, 2021.

United Nations. The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2021. New York: 2021. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2021/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2021.pdf.

Government documents

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Name of Government Agency, Document Title: Subtitle, Author's First name Last name, Report number, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication), page(s) cited, DOI or URL.

Bibliography

Name of Government Agency. Document Title: Subtitle. Personal contributor's First name Last name. Document No. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of Publication. DOI or URL.

Examples
Footnote

1. National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council, and Universities Australia, National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007 (Updated May 2018), (Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2018), 34, https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72.

2. Australian Institute of Health Welfare, Australian Burden of Disease Study: Impact and Causes of Illness and Death in Australia 2018, Catalogue Number Bod 29, (Canberra: 2021), 17-18, doi:10.25816/5ps1-j259.

Bibliography

Australian Institute of Health Welfare. Australian Burden of Disease Study: Impact and Causes of Illness and Death in Australia 2018. Catalogue Number Bod 29. Canberra: 2021. doi:10.25816/5ps1-j259.

National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Research Council, and Universities Australia. National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007 (Updated May 2018). Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council, 2018. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/guidelines-publications/e72.

Conferences

Format

Footnote

Note Number. Author's First and Last Names, "Title: Subtitle" (type of paper presented at Conference Name, Location, Date), page(s) cited, DOI or URL or Database Name.

Bibliography

First Author's Last Names, First Name, Other Authors' First Name, Last Name. "Title: Subtitle." Type of paper presented at Conference Name, Location, Date. DOI or URL or Database Name.

Examples
Footnote

1. Mehdi Shaahdadi Goughari, "A Multifaceted Literature Review of WhatsApp: Opportunities and Challenges in Mobile-Assisted Language Learning" (paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Education, Oxford, United Kingdom, 11-14 March 2021), 42-43, https://www.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.educationconf.2021.03.206.

Bibliography

Goughari, Mehdi Shaahdadi. "A Multifaceted Literature Review of WhatsApp: Opportunities and Challenges in Mobile-Assisted Language Learning." Paper presented at the 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research in Education, Oxford, United Kingdom, 11-14 March 2021. https://www.doi.org/10.33422/3rd.educationconf.2021.03.206.

Lecture and Course Material Online

Format

Footnote 

Note Number. Author's First Name Last Name, "Title: Subtitle," Course Code Course Name (type of work, Location: University, Date), page(s) cited, URL or Canvas course.

Bibliography

First Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title: Subtitle." Course Code Course Name. Type of work. Location: University, Date. URL or Canvas course.

Example
Footnote

1. Joan Smith, “The Angry Penguins: Australian Modernism,” AART1100 Australian Art History (Lecture notes. Callaghan, NSW, Australia: University of Newcastle, May 20, 2022), Canvas course.

Bibliography

Smith, Joan. “The Angry Penguins: Australian Modernism.” AART1100 Australian Art History. Lecture notes. Callaghan, NSW, Australia: University of Newcastle, May 20, 2022. Canvas course.

Example
Text example

In a conversation with the author on January 6, 2009, lobbyist Ann Adams admitted that . . .

Though inconclusive, a fifteen-second video shared with the author via Instagram by the subject’s family did suggest significant dementia.

Footnote example

1. Jane Smith, email message to author, January 20, 2022.

2. John Smith, Facebook direct message to author, January 20, 2022

About Chicago A
  • The Chicago A Notes and Bibliography Style is commonly used in the humanities—including literature, philosophy, history and the arts.
  • The style features footnotes in-text, which refer to full references in a bibliography at the end of the document.

For more information on Chicago A referencing, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/Chicago-a

Bibliography
  • The bibliography is organised in alphabetical order by the author’s surname (or title if no author is available), with hanging indent.
  • Use full author names in the bibliography, and invert only the name of the first author, e.g. Smith, Adam, and Daniel Jones.
  • For multiple works by the same author, alphabetise all entries by title, and replace the author name with a 3-em dash in all entries after the first. For example:

Germov, John. Get Great Marks for Your Essays, Reports, and Presentations. 3rd ed. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin, 2011.

---. “Medifraud: A Systemic Infection Untreated." Australian Journal of Social Issues 29, no. 3 (1994): 301-04.

For more on Chicago A bibliographies see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/chicago-a/bibliography

Chicago A reference guide

Learn more