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Harvard Referencing System

Introduction 

How to Reference with Harvard Style  shows examples of….

The information on these pages is based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002, 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Queensland. 686.2252 STYL 2002 (available in the Auchmuty, Huxley, City Precinct and Ourimbah campus libraries).

 

Introduction

Why reference?

When you use the ideas of another person in your work, you must acknowledge this. Referencing allows the reader to find the same sources of information that you did, to enable them to read more on the topic or to check your interpretation. It is also important to give credit where it is due. Referencing makes it clear when you are drawing your own conclusions from the evidence presented, or where you are quoting or paraphrasing from another person's work. Most importantly, by referencing you avoid plagiarism.

Plagiarism is to pretend that ideas or language of other people are your own. In your assignments, you imply that all of the ideas and language are your own, unless you explicitly indicate otherwise. If you fail to make clear that sections of your work are not your own, then you are guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is stealing, and is a very serious offence.

When to reference

You must reference when:

See the online tutorial - Module 4 - with details about this.

Where to reference

Referencing involves:

Referencing styles

There are many different reference styles. Some of the more common styles are the Harvard, APA (American Psychological Association), numbered footnote, and numbered endnote styles. Each discipline or faculty requires that you use a particular style when you are presenting your essays for marking. It is important that you use the style which your department or faculty specifies. These notes are based on the Harvard (or author-date) style of referencing

 

How to reference with Harvard Style

 

In the body of your essay or assignment; this is In-text referencing

The reference list at the end - formatting a bibliography.

For the bibliography:

Print resources - books, journals, chapters, images, etc

Multimedia resources videos, cds etc

Online/Web resources

 

In-text Citations

 

How to reference in-text with Harvard Style

In the Harvard System, at the point in your assignment you mention another writer's work, you must reference it. See below for links to details.

General pattern of in-text referencing

1 author/editor

2 - 3 authors/editors

More than 3 authors

Two works by same author in the same year

No author

Citing the same work several times in one paragraph.

No publication date

Citing a work that someone else's has quoted or cited.

Including page numbers

Citing two works for one point

Citing a separate work published within a book or article (eg poem, image etc):

 

Pattern of in-text references.

When you summarise, quote or paraphrase another author, you need to acknowledge their work in your assignment in 2 places: in the text where you mention it AND in the bibliography at the end of your assignment.

In-text references or citations have a pattern.  It doesn't matter if there is an author or an editor; if there is a date or no date; if it's a web page, a journal article or a chapter in a book, the pattern remains the same.

(Author Year)

1. When the author's name occurs naturally as part of the sentence, place the year of publication in parentheses (brackets) after the name.

In her well-known study, Shaw (1998) states that …

2. When the name is not in the text, place the surname and year in parentheses at an appropriate point (often best placed at the end of a sentence)

A recent study has shown that certain medications can assist in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (Murrell 1999).

If you write about the same work several times in a paragraph, it is often sufficient to cite it the first time and again at the end of paragraph, rather than several times throughout one paragraph.

3. When more than one work is cited, separate the details with semi-colons.

(Braddon 1995: Harvey 1993 )
You may list authors in either date or alphabetical order.  The Style Manual recommends alphabetical order p.193

Harvey (1993) and Braddon (1995) showed that …

4. When there are two or three authors, reference all authors.

(Slater & Johnson 1996)
(Johnson, Greene & Slater 1997)
Johnson, Greene and Slater (1997) theorised that …

5. When there are more than three authors, only use the surname of the first author followed by 'et al.' (and others).

(Blackett et al. 1995)
Blackett et al. (1995) found that …

6. Page numbers may be included.

You must include page numbers in the in-text reference if you directly quote from another source. Simply add the page number after the year.

(Lawson 1989, p. 154)

When do you use p. and pp.?
P means page and is used for one page; pp means pages and so you use it for a range of pages.  If your quote runs from page 2 to page 3, this would be written as:

pp. 2-3

7. When there is more than one work by the same author published in the same year they should be distinguished from each other by attaching a lower case letter to the publication date.

(Robinson 1992a; Robinson 1992b)

8. When there is no publication date, use n.d. for no date.

(Rankin n.d.)
Rankin (n.d.) disagreed with …

9. When there is no author, items should be cited using the title. Do NOT use Anon. or Anonymous.

(Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors 1991)
Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors (1991) defines …

10. When referring to a source quoted in another work, reference both in the text.

The results of a study by James (1978 cited in Randall 1989) demonstrate that …
(James 1978 cited in Randall 1989) demonstrated that….

(You will only list the work by Randall in your bibliography)

Formatting a bibliography

Bibliographies must:

Print Resources

Non-book resources (Multimedia)
Online/Web Resources


Print resources

Books

List the following details, in order:

1. name/s of author(s), editor(s) (surname, and initials)
2. year of publication
3. title of publication (in italics)
4. edition if other than the first
5. publisher
6. place of publication

Single author/editor

Rosner, BA 1990, Fundamentals of biostatistics, 3rd edn, PWS-KENT Publishing, Boston, MA.

Two or more author(s)/editor(s)

Jacobs, PA, Price, WH & Law, P (eds), 1970, Human population cytogenetics, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

No author/editor

If there is no author or editor, use the title as the first element in the citation, followed by the year.

Oxford dictionary for scientific writers and editors, 1991, Clarendon, Oxford.

Chapters in Books

List the following details, in order:

1. author(s) of chapter (surname, initials)
2. year of publication
3. chapter title (in single quotation marks ' ')
4. editor/s of book
5. title of book (in italics)
6. publisher
7. place of publication
8. page numbers of chapter

Furlani, PR & Bastos, CR 1990, 'Genetic control of aluminium tolerance in sorghum', in N El Bassam, M Dambroth & BC Loughman (eds), Genetic aspects of plant mineral nutrition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 215-219.

Journal Articles

List the following details, in order:

1. author/s of article (surname, initials)
2. year of publication
3. title of article (in single quotation marks ' ')
4. journal name (in italics)
5. volume number (abbreviated vol.)
6. issue number (abbreviated no.)
7. page number(s) (abbreviated p. or pp.)

Cohen, J 1997, 'Can cloning help save beleaguered species?', Science, vol. 276, no. 5317, pp. 1329-1330.

Newspaper Articles

List details as for journal articles, using date instead of volume and issue number.

Rifkin, J 2000, 'Halt before we reap the whirlwind', Sydney Morning Herald, 25 July, p. 15.

Conference Papers

List details as for chapters in books.

Thoms, MC & Swirepik, J 1998, 'Environmental flow management in New South Wales, Australia', Hydrology in a changing environment: proceedings of the British Hydrological Society International Conference, British Hydrological Society, Exeter, pp. 281-287.

Images, poems, art works in books, articles etc *

These are not treated in the same way as book chapters.
Mention or quote the poem, art work or image in the body of your assignment. However, both the in-text  and bibliography reference show the source (book or article) where you found the image, poem, art work in the bibliography. See examples below.

A poem
If you are using a poem, for instance,  John Masefield's 'Cargo', you will need to reference it in-text :

"The poem, 'Cargo' (Masefield 1932), dramatises the emotions aroused by the new economy." 
This would be referenced in the bibliography as:
Masefield, J 1932, The collected poems of John Masefield, Heinemann, London.

Image in a journal article (also applies to advertisements)
A reference to an image or an advertisement in a journal article can simply be referenced in-text by describing the image and citing the page number -

"The image 'Earthbound Cheetahs' (Forshaw 2005, p 43) is particularly striking…." and then include the article's details in the bibliography eg
Forshaw, R (2005) 'Digital image manipulation the hard way', Design Graphics,  no. 119, pp. 42-51

A work of art reproduced in a book
In the text of your assignment identify the art work:

"The painting 'Mona Lisa' (Gombrich 1968, p. 203)…"
In the bibliography, however, you would only put the details of the book you used - ie Gombrich.

Non-print resources (multimedia)
Videos

List details as for book, and include the form of the item, e.g., videorecording, after the title.

DNA sequencing 1990, videorecording, Taped Technologies, Logan, Utah.

 

Electronic resources

Online Journal Articles

List the following details, in order:

1. author(s) of article
2. year of publication
3. title of article (in single quotation marks ' ')
4. journal name (in italics)
5. volume number
6. issue number
7. page numbers or indication of length
8. view statement: your access date
9. supplier/database name/article, accession or item number

Full text journal article from database

Wrubel, R 1998, 'Biotechnology: right or wrong?' Bioscience, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 210(2), viewed 9 March 2000, Infotrac Expanded Academic ASAP item: A54085570

Full text journal article from an electronic journal

Wilson, ME 2000, 'Environmental change and infectious diseases', Ecosystem Health, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 7-12, viewed 17 May 2004, Blackwell Science Synergy.

Chapters in an online book (ebook)

Treat this as you would a chapter in a print book and then add the access date and url.

Chapman, S & Dhillon, GS 2002,  'Privacy and the internet: the case of Double Click, Inc.' in G Dhillon (ed), Social responsibility in the information age: issues and controversies, Idea Group, Hershey PA, pp. 75-88 viewed 14 December 2005, <http://0-www.netlibrary.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/Details.aspx >

 

Encyclopedias and dictionaries (online)

Editor/author of the ebook. (date published). 'term looked up' in Book title (edition and volume if known). Source (may be the publisher and place of publication OR the online source - in the example below I have used Oxford Reference Online - the name of the overall site instead of the print publisher's name Oxford University Press - viewed information.

Soanes, C & Stevenson, A 2005, 'Electroencephalography noun' in The Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd ed., Oxford Reference Online, viewed 16 August 2006, <http://0-www.oxfordreference.com.library.newcastle.edu.au/views/ENTRY.html?entry=t140.e24238&srn=3&ssid=387013408#FIRSTHIT >

Web pages

List the following details, in order:

1. author(s) of page
2. date of publication or most recent version
3. title of page (in italics)
4. description of document if applicable
5. name and place of sponsor
6. viewed Day Month Year
7. <url - either full location or main site details>.

Caplan, AL 1995, If gene therapy is the cure, what is the disease? University of Pennsylvania, viewed 10 March 2000, <http://www.med.upenn.edu/%Ebioethic/genetics/articles/1.caplan.gene.therapy.html>

Web pages with no authors

Cell division, 2000, Altruis Biomedical Network, viewed 23 February 2004, <http://www.cell-biology.com/division.html>

Web pages with no date

Wolniak, SM n.d., An introduction to mitosis, University of Maryland, viewed 21 February 2004, <http://www.life.umd.edu/cbmg/faculty/wolniak/wolniakmitosis.html>

Images on the Web*


Line drawing - no title for image
In the body of your assignment you need to acknowledge the image:

"The line drawing of the phoenix (Fotosearch 2005), shows an aggressive, angry beast…"
This would be represented in your bibliography as:
Fotosearch [image] 2005, viewed 8 December 2005, < http://www.fotosearch.com/ICL104/dec_018/>

Explanation: On December 8 2005, the pheonix line drawing was on the front page of a web search page called Fotosearch, offering commercial and free images.

Image with title.  You need to include:

Name of image, Year, Name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <url - full location or main site>

The lunar interior, 1999, PlanetScapes, US, viewed 31 January 2003, <http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>

Similarly,
Photograph or advertisement
"The advertisement for alcohol, 'Heir to the throne' (A decade of failure 2003) uses a common euphemism for toilets to…" This would be represented in your bibliography as:

A decade of failure: self-regulation  of alcohol advertising in Australia, image, 2003.  (fig 4), viewed 8 December 2005, < http://www.ias.org.uk/publications/alert/05issue2/alert0502_p16.html >  

Explanation: The photograph 'Heir to the throne' is figure 4 in the online alert page A decade of failure:… It has its own, separate url (http://www.ias.org.uk/images/alert0502-ad4.gif) So it is necessary in the bibliography to indicate which figure 'Heir to the throne' is, so as to make it possible to find the image.   If the image alone were referenced with it's unique url, the reader might never find the web page with the 'article'.

* The reference book/guide for Harvard style which has been used elsewhere in these pages (Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002, 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Queensland) contains no indication as to how to reference images, either in print or online.  In creating these references above, I have made use of the information and examples contained in Curtin University's online document Harvard Referencing 2005 This document acknowledges a debt to APA style and I have further amended their suggestion so as to make it seem more like Harvard style.  My thanks also to Helen Lloyd for advice and comments.

 

More information about the Harvard system of referencing can be found in:

Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 2002, 6th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Queensland.
686.2252 STYL 2002


Other referencing links

These are links to web sites that contain information on citations and referencing. If any of the formatting details shown on these pages differs slightly from that given on this page, use the method shown on this page.