Russia

Article 15. Compensating for losses.

1. The person whose right has been violated can demand that the losses inflicted on him be compensated for, unless the law or contract stipulates a smaller recovery.

2. Losses imply the expenses that the person whose right had been violated incurred or will have to incur in order to restore the violated right, the loss or damage of his property (actual damage), as well as lost revenues this person could have received under normal conditions of civil circulation, had his right not been violated (lost profit).

If the right-breaker made gains in consequence of this, the victim has the right to demand that, besides other losses, the lost profit be recovered in the amount no less than such gains.

Article 393. The Debtor's Obligation to Recompense the Losses

1. The debtor shall be obliged to recompense to the creditor the losses, caused to him by the non-discharge or by an improper discharge of the obligations.

2. The losses shall be defined in conformity with the rules, stipulated by Article 15 of the present Code.

3. Unless otherwise stipulated by the law, by the other legal acts or by the agreement, when defining the losses, the prices shall be taken into account, which existed in the place, where the obligation should have been discharged, on the date of the debtor's voluntary satisfaction of the creditor's claims, and if the claim has not been voluntarily satisfied - on the date of its presentation. Proceeding from the circumstances, the court may satisfy the claim for the compensation of the losses, taking into account the prices, which existed on the day of its adopting the decision.

4. When defining the lost profit, the measures, taken by the creditor to derive it, and the preparations, made for the same purpose, shall be considered.

Article 394. The Losses and the Forfeit

1. If for the non-discharge or an improper discharge of the obligation the forfeit has been ruled, the losses shall be recompensed in the part, which has not been covered by the forfeit. The law or the agreement may stipulate the cases: when only the forfeit, but not the losses shall be exacted; when the losses may be exacted in full above the forfeit; when, according to the creditor's choice, either the forfeit or the losses may be exacted.

2. In the cases, when a limited responsibility for the non-discharge or an improper discharge of the obligation has been established (Article 400), the losses, liable to compensation in the part, not covered by the forfeit, or above it, or instead of it, may be exacted up to the limit, fixed by such a restriction.

Article 395. Responsibility for the Non-Discharge of the Pecuniary Obligation

1. For the use of the other person's money as a result of its illegal retention, of the avoidance of its return or of another kind of delay in its payment, or as a result of its ungroundless receipt or saving at the expense of the other person, the interest on the total amount of these means shall be due. The interest rate shall be defined by the discount rate of the bank interest, existing by the date of the discharge of the pecuniary obligation or of the corresponding part thereof at the place of the creditor's residence, and if the creditor is a legal entity - at the place of its location. If the debt is exacted through the court, the court may satisfy the creditor's claim, proceeding from the discount rate of the bank interest on the date of filing the claim or on the date of its adopting the decision.

These rules shall be applied, unless the other interest rate has been fixed by the law or by the agreement.

2. If the losses, caused to the creditor by an illegal use of his money, exceed the amount of the interest, due to him on the ground of Item 1 of the present Article, he shall have the right to claim that the debtor recompense him the losses in the part, exceeding this amount.

3. The interest for the use of the other person's means shall be exacted by the date of payment of the amount of these means to the creditor, unless the law, the other legal acts or the contract have fixed a shorter term for the calculation of the interest.

Article 396. Responsibility and the Discharge of Obligations in Kind

1. The payment of the forfeit and the compensation of the losses in case of an improper discharge of the obligation shall not absolve the debtor from the discharge of the obligations in kind, unless otherwise stipulated by the law or by the contract.

2. The compensation of the losses in case of the non-discharge of the obligation and the payment of the forfeit for its non-discharge shall absolve the debtor from the discharge of the obligation in kind, unless otherwise stipulated by the law or by the contract.

3. The creditor's refusal to accept the discharge, which as a consequence of the delay has lost all interest for him (Item 2 of Article 405), and also the payment of the forfeit, imposed by way of compensation (Article 409), shall absolve the debtor from the discharge of the obligation in kind.

Article 397. Discharge of the Obligation at the Debtor's Expense

In case of the non-discharge by the debtor of the obligation to manufacture and transfer the thing into the ownership, into the economic or into the operation management, or into the use of the creditor, or to perform for him a certain job, or to render him a service, the creditor shall have the right, within a reasonable term and for a reasonable pay, to commission the third persons with the performance of the obligation, or to perform it through his own effort, unless otherwise following from the law, the other legal acts or the contract, or from the substance of the obligation, and to claim that the debtor recompense the necessary expenses and the other losses he has borne.

Article 1064. General Grounds for Liability for Damage

1. The injury inflicted on the personality or property of an individual, and also the damage done to the property of a legal entity shall be subject to full compensation by the person who inflicted the damage. The obligation to redress the injury may be imposed by the law on the person who is not the inflictor of injury.

The law or the contract may institute the obligation of the inflictor of injury to repay to the victims compensation over and above the compensation of damage.